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ILLUSTRATED FLORA

OF THE

NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA
AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS

FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF

VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD

TO THE 102o MERIDIAN

BY

NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH.D., Sc.D., LL.D.

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW VORK BOTANICAL GARDEN', PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

AND

HON. ADDISON BROWN, A.B., LL.D.

PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN
SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION

SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED

/
IN THREE VOLUMES

VOL. I. t 1

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE TO POLYGONACEAE

FERNS TO BUCKWHEAT

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

1913

COPYRIGHT, 1913

BY NATHANIEL L. BRITTON AND HELEN C. BROWN,
Executrix of the Estate of
ADDISON BROWN, deceased.

PRESS OF
LANCASTER. PA.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

INTRODUCTION,

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS,

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS,

GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES,

INDEX TO LATIN GENERA IN VOLUME I.

SYMBOLS USED,

1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE i

2. OSMUNDACEAE 7

3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 8

4. SCHIZAEACEAE 9

PTERIDOPHYTA i

5. POLYPODIACEAE IO

6. MARSILEACEAE 36

7. SALVINIACEAE 37

8. EQUISETACEAE 38

v-xi

xiv-xvi

xvii-xxi

xxii-xxix

678

iv

9. LYCOPODIACEAE

10. SELAGINELLACEAE

11. ISOETACEAE

42
48

SO

I. PlN ACE AE

SPERMATOPHYTA 55

GYMNOSPERMAE 55

55 2. TAXACEAE

ANGIOSPERMAE 68

67

Monocotyledones

68

i. TYPHACEAE

68 | 12. ARACEAE

441

2. SPARGANIACEAE

69

13. LEMNACEAE

446

3. ZANNICHELLIACEAE

74

14. MAYACACEAE

450

4. NAIADACEAE

89

15. XYRIDACEAE

450

5. ZOSTERACEAE

90

1 6. ERIOCAULACEAE

453

6. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE

91

17. BROMELIACEAE

456

7. ALISMACEAE

93

l8. COMMELINACEAE

457

8. VALLISNERIACEAE

104

19. PONTEDERIACEAE

462

9. HYDROCHARITACEAE

106

2O. JUNCACEAE

465

10. GRAMINEAE

107

21. MELANTHACEAE

485

ii. CYPERACEAE

295

22. LlLIACEAE

495

Dicotyledones

577

Choripetalae

577

i. SAURURACEAE

577

6. BETULACEAE

605

2. JUGLANDACEAE

578

7. FAGACEAE

614

3. MYRICACEAE

8. ULMACEAE

625

4. LEITNERIACEAE

S86

9. MORACEAE

630

5. SALICACEAE

587

10. CANNABINACEAE

633

23. CONVALLARIACEAE 513

24. TRILLIACEAE 522

25. SMILACEAE 526

26. HAEMODORACEAE 530

27. AMARYLLIDACEAE 531

28. DlOSCOREACEAE 535

29. IRIDACEAE 536

30. MARANTACEAE 546

31. BURMANNIACEAE 546

32. ORCHIDACEAE 547

11. URTICACEAE 634

12. LORANTHACEAE 63<S

13. SANTALACEAE 639

14. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 641

15. POLYGONACEAE 646

ENGLISH NAMES
FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES i

1. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY i

2. ROYAL-FERN FAMILY 7

3. FILMY-FERN FAMILY 8

4. CLIMBING-FERN FAMILY 9

5. FERN FAMILY 10

6. MARSILEA FAMILY 36

7. SALVINIA FAMILY 37

8. HORSETAIL FAMILY 38

9. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 42

10. SELAGINELLA FAMILY 48

11. QUILL WORT FAMILY 50

CONTENTS.

VOL. I.

SEED-BEARING PLANTS 55

SEEDS NAKED 55

i. PINE FAMILY CONIFERS 55 2. YEW FAMILY

SEEDS ENCLOSED 68

67

1. CAT-TAIL FAMILY 68

2. BUR-REED FAMILY 69

3. POND WEED FAMILY 74

4. NAIAS FAMILY 89

5. EEL-GRASS FAMILY 90

6. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 91

7. WATER- PLANTAIN

FAMILY 93

8. TAPE-GRASS FAMILY 104

9. FROG'S-BIT FAMILY 106

10. GRASS FAMILY 107

11. SEDGE FAMILY 295

12. ARUM FAMILY 441

1. LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY 577

2. WALNUT FAMILY 578

3. BAYBERRY FAMILY 584

4. CORK-WOOD FAMILY 586

5. WILLOW FAMILY 587

Cotyledon one

68

13. DUCK-WEED FAMILY 446

14. MAYACA FAMILY 450

15. YELLOW-EYED GRASS

450

16. PIPEWORT FAMILY 453

17. PINE- APPLE FAMILY 456

18. SPIDERWORT FAMILY 457

19. PICKEREL-WEED

FAMILY 462

20. RUSH FAMILY 465

21. BUNCH-FLOWER

FAMILY 485

22. LILY FAMILY 495

Cotyledons two 577

Petals distinct, or none 577

6. BIRCH FAMILY 605

7. BEECH FAMILY 614

8. ELM FAMILY 625

9. MULBERRY FAMILY 630
10. HEMP FAMILY 633

23-

24.

25-
26.
27.
28.
29.
30-
31-
32.

LILY-OF-TH E- VALLEY

FAMILY 513
WAKE-ROBIN FAMILY 522
SMILAX FAMILY 526
BLOODWORT FAMILY 530
AMARYLLIS FAMILY 531
YAM FAMILY 535

IRIS FAMILY 536

ARROW-ROOT FAMILY 546
BURMANNIA FAMILY 546
ORCHID FAMILY 547

ii.

12.
13-
14-
15-

INDEX OF LATIN GENERIC NAMES IN VOLUME I.

NETTLE FAMILY 634
MISTLETOE FAMILY 638
SANDAL WOOD FAMILY 639
BIRTHWORT FAMILY 641
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 646

678

SYMBOLS USED

is used after figures to indicate feet.
' is used after figures to indicate inches,
"is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.

over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel.

over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of
the vowel.

IN THE METRIC SYSTEM.

The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.
The decimetre = 3.94 inches.
The centimetre = of an inch, or 4! lines.
The millimetre -fa of an inch, or J a line.
2\ millimeters = I line.

very nearly.

INTRODUCTION.

THE present work is the first complete Illustrated Flora published in this country. Its
aim is to illustrate and describe every species, from the Ferns upward, recognized as
distinct by botanists and growing wild within the area adopted, and to complete the
work within such moderate limits of size and cost as shall make it accessible to the public
generally, so that it may serve as an independent handbook of our Northern Flora and as a
work of general reference, or as an adjunct and supplement to the manuals of systematic
botany in current use.

The first edition (6000 copies) was exhausted during the period from 1896 to 1909. The
continued public demand for the work has induced the authors to prepare and publish a
second edition, which has been materially revised and enlarged. About 300 pages have been
added to the text and the number of species illustrated has been increased from 4162 to
4666, besides many others redrawn for improvement. This increase of about one-eighth
both in the text and in the number of plants figured is due in part to the more complete
botanical exploration of the geographical area, in part to the more critical delimitation of
species and in part to the introduction, in recent years, of additional alien species from the
Old World and from the western and southern United States. Exploration and critical
study have been greatly stimulated by the first edition, and much of the additional informa-
tion now brought into the second edition was elicited by the use of the first, by students all
over the country.

To all botanical students, a complete illustrated manual is of the greatest service ; always
useful, often indispensable. The doubts and difficulties that are apt to attend the best
written descriptions will often be instantly solved by figures addressed to the eye. The
greatest stimulus, moreover, to observation and study, is a clear and intelligible guide; and
among the aids to botanical enquiry, a complete illustrated handbook is one of the chief.
Thousands of the lovers of plants, on the other hand, who are not botanists and are not
familiar with botanical terms or the methods of botanical analysis, will find in the illustra-
tions of a complete work the readiest means of comparison and identification of the plants
that grow around them ; and through the accompanying descriptions they will at the same
time acquire a familiarity with botanical language. By these facilities, not only is the study
of our native plants stimulated and widened among all classes, but the enjoyment, the knowl-
edge and the scientific progress derivable from these studies are proportionately increased.

Though most European countries have complete illustrations of the flora of their own
territory, no similar work has hitherto been attempted here. Our illustrated works, some of
them of great value, have been either sumptuous and costly monographs, accessible to com-
paratively few, or confined to special groups of plants, or have been works of a minor and
miscellaneous character, embracing at most but a few hundred selected species, and from
incompleteness, therefore, unsuited for general reference. Scarcely one-third of the species
illustrated in the present work have ever been figured before. That no such general work
has been previously attempted is to be ascribed partly, perhaps, to the imperfect exploration
of our territory, and the insufficiency of the collections to enable such a work to be made
approximately complete ; partly to the great number of species required to be figured and
the consequent difficulty and cost of the undertaking, and partly to the lack of any apparent
demand for such a work sufficient to warrant the expense of the enterprise.

In the first edition, it was shown that many more species existed within the geographical
area of the work than previous publications had recorded, and many collectors and students
have, since its publication, been eager to detect and describe others. This enthusiasm for
additional species had led, in some instances, to the descriptive publication as species, of a
considerable number which appear to be not sufficiently different from plants already well
known to warrant their recognition as distinct; some of these have been satisfactorily

I

INTRODUCTION. VOL. I.

relegated to synonymy, while others have been recognized in this edition by brief notes in
order to call attention to them and to indicate the necessity for their further study, in order
to ascertain their true status. Similar notes have been entered relative to a few species of
which the occurrence within the area has become known to the authors during the prepara-
tion and composition of the work, which has covered a period of nearly four years, a course
which has been taken in order to supersede the need of an Appendix.

A few species illustrated in the first edition have been omitted, except by the entry of
notes upon them, in the second, for reasons explained by such notes, mostly because they
have been ascertained to be undistinguishable specifically from others.

The enterprise, projected by Judge Brown, and maintained and supervised by him
throughout, has been prosecuted for the past twenty-two years. Its execution has been
mainly the work of Dr. Britton. The text, founded upon a careful examination of living or
herbarium specimens, has been chiefly prepared by him, with the assistance, however, of
specialists in a few groups who have contributed the descriptions for certain families as
stated in the footnotes. The figures also have been drawn by artists under his immediate
supervision; except those of most of the grasses, drawn for the first edition by Mr. Holm,
under the eye of Prof. Scribner, and those in the other families contributed by specialists
who have supervised them; while the work in all its parts has been carefully revised by both
authors. The keys to the genera and species, based upon a few distinctice characters, will,
it is believed, greatly facilitate the determinations.

In preparing a new work of this character, the authors have felt that there should be no
hesitation in adopting the matured results of recent botanical studies here and in Europe, so
as to bring the work fully abreast of the knowledge and scientific conceptions of the time,
and make it answer present needs. Although this involves changes in systematic order, in
nomenclature, and in the division of families and genera, such as may seem to some to be
too radical, no doubt is entertained that time will fully justify these changes in the judgment
of all, and demonstrate that the permanent advantages to Botanical Science will far out-
weigh any temporary inconveniences, as has been already so fully shown in Ornithology and
other zoological sciences.

The first edition was issued in three volumes, published consecutively in 1896, 1897 and
1898. The second edition is issued in three volumes simultaneously published.

Area.

The area of the work extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward, in general, to the
load Meridian, a little beyond that of Gray's Manual, so as to include the whole of the State
of Kansas; and northward from the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and Ken-
tucky to the northern limits of Labrador and Manitoba. For convenience, the whole of
Nebraska has been included, thus permitting the illustration of practically the entire Flora
of the northern portion of the Great Plains. Western North and South Dakota are not
included.

The Flora of Canada and the British possessions not being distinguishable by any well
marked features from that of the adjacent parts of the United States, and not embracing
more than about 400 additional species, it was deemed best to include this more northern
territory, in order to present a manual of the whole Flora of the northeastern part of the
continent, with the exception of that of Greenland and the Arctic Circle, which is much the
same on both continents ; nearly all the Arctic plants are, however, included, as but very few
of them are strictly confined to the Arctic Zone.

Further botanical exploration will, doubtless, reveal additional species, especially along
the southern and western boundaries, and in the north.

Figures.

Within the above area there are over 4600 recognized species, more than three times the
number in Bentham's Illustrated Handbook of the British Flora. To illustrate all these in a
work of moderate size and cost, only parts of each plant could usually be figured, and these
mostly below life-size. To exhibit full-page illustrations would have added fourfold to the
bulk of the work, and the consequent more limited sales would have necessarily increased
the price in a much greater proportion, and thus have thwarted the primary objects, viz., to

VOL. I. INTRODUCTION. vit

supply a work adapted to general circulation and use. On the other hand, it was found that
any considerable further reduction of the figures in order to reduce the size of the work,
would be at the sacrifice of the clearness and usefulness of the illustrations.

In the general plan adopted and in giving parts only of the larger plants, it has been the
constant aim to make the reduction of each figure as little below life-size as possible, to
select the most characteristic parts for illustration and to preserve the natural proportion.
In these respects, it is believed, the present work will be found to be at least not inferior to
that above named and often superior.

The cuts are all from original drawings for this work, ether from life or from herbarium
specimens, though reference has constantly been made to published plates and figures. All
have been first drawn life-size from medium-sized specimens, and afterwards reduced to the
proportion indicated by the fraction near the bottom of each cut, most of them being from
& to of medium life-size. By this method the illustrations do not suffer from the use of a
magnifier, but are improved by it and retain their full expression.

The large number of additional figures in the second edition and the incorporation into
the main text of the appendix to the first edition, have necessitated the renumbering of the
figures consecutively.

Enlargements of special parts are added in most of the illustrations in order to show
more clearly the floral structure, or minute organs, or the -smaller flowers. These are in
various degrees of enlargement, not deemed necessary to be stated. The figures are
uncolored, because coloring, except in costly work, obscures the fineness of linear definition
and injures the cuts for descriptive and educational uses.

The Classification of Plants.

The Plant Kingdom is composed of four subkingdoms, divisions or primary groups:

1. Thallophyta, the Algae, Fungi and Lichens.

2. Bryophyta, the Mosses and Moss-allies.

3. Pteridophyta, the Ferns and Fern-allies.

4. Spermatophyta, the Seed-bearing plants.

Individuals are grouped, by similarity, into races ; races into species ; species into genera ;
genera into families; families into orders; orders into classes; classes into divisions or
subkingdoms.

In addition to these main ranks, subordinate ones are sometimes employed, when closer
grouping is desirable : thus a Class may be separated into Subclasses, as the Class Angio-
spermae into the Sublasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones ; Families may be separated
into Tribes, as in the treatment of Gramineae in the following pages ; Genera are often sepa-
rated into Subgenera; Species into Subspecies.

Critical field observations of plants in the wild state, supplemented by the cultivation
side by side of species supposed to be distinct and by the lessons learned from experimental
plant breeding, have developed the theory that many species, perhaps all, are composed of a
greater or lesser number of races, differing from each other too little to cause them to be
regarded as species, notwithstanding the fact that they may breed true from seed to such
slight or trivial differentiations. It also seems to have been proved, by DeVries and others,
that such differentiations may originate abruptly from seed, in a single generation, and remain
constant for at least several generations thereafter if so isolated from their relatives as to
prevent cross-pollination. These recently ascertained phenomena of mutation are most sug-
gestive, and experimentation and observation concerning them are now occupying the atten-
tion of many students.

In the present edition of " Illustrated Flora," the view is taken that the races composing
many species are often too numerous and too slightly characterized to be described so as
to be recognized; many of them have been described as species and many more as varieties,
and varieties of different degrees of differentation have been suggested. We here regard
species alone as entitled to distinct botanical appelation; it has been suggested that races may
be indicated numerically.

Other than the omission of descriptions of varieties, the general system of classification
used in the first edition has been maintained in the second. A few new family groups and
a number of genera have been separated or distinguished from their congeners.

viii INTRODUCTION. VOL. I.

The grouping of Races into Species, of Species into Genera, and of Genera into Families,
though based upon natural characters and relationships, is not governed by any definite rule
that can be drawn from nature for determining just what characters shall be sufficient to
constitute a Species, a Genus or a Family. These groups are, therefore, necessarily more or
less arbitrary and depend upon the judgment of scientific experts, in which natural characters
and affinities, as the most important and fundamental factors, do not necessarily exclude
considerations of scientific convenience. The practice among the most approved authors has
accordingly been various. Some have made the number of genera and families as few as
possible. This results in associating under one name species or genera that present marked
differences among themselves. The present tendency of expert opinion is to separate more
freely into convenient natural groups, according to similarity of structure, habit, form or
appearance. While this somewhat increases the number of these divisions, it has the distinct
advantage of decreasing the size of the groups, and thus materially facilitates their study.
This view has been taken in the present work, following in most instances, but not in all, the
arrangement adopted by Engler and Prantl in their great work, " Natiirliche Pflanzen-
familien," in which nearly all known genera are described.

Systematic Arrangement.

The Nineteenth Century closed with the almost unanimous scientific judgment that the
order of nature is an order of evolution and development from the more simple to the more
complex. In no department of Natural Science is this progressive development more marked
or more demonstrable than in the vegetable life of the globe. Systematic Arrangement
should logically follow the natural order; and by this method also, as now generally recog-
nized, the best results of study and arrangement are obtained. The sequence of Families
formerly adopted has become incongruous with our present knowledge ; and it has for some
time past been gradually superseded by truer scientific arrangements in the later works of
many authors.

It now seems probable that continued investigation and consideration will again modify
the sequence of various groups. Many suggestions in this regard have already appeared in
botanical literature; notably, in our own country, those of Professor Charles E. Bessey.

The more simple forms are, in general, distinguished from the more complex, (i) by
fewer organs or parts; (2) by the less perfect adaptation of the organs to the purposes they
subserve; (3) by the relative degree of development of the more important organs; (4) by
the lesser degree of differentiation of the plant-body or of its organs; (5) by considerations
of antiquity, as indicated by the geological record; (6) by a consideration of the phenomena
of embryogeny. Thus, the Pteridophyta, which do not produce seeds and which appeared
on the earth in Silurian time, are simpler than the Spermatophyta ; the Gymnospermae in
which the ovules are borne on the face of a scale, and which are known from the Devonian
period onward, are simpler than the Angiospermae, whose ovules are borne in a closed cavity,
and which are unknown before the Jurassic.

In the Angiospermae the simpler types are those whose floral structure is nearest the
structure of the branch or stem from which the flower has been metamorphosed, that is to
say, in which the parts of the flower (modified leaves) are more nearly separate or distinct
from each other, the leaves of any stem or branch being normally separated, while those are
the most complex whose floral parts are most united. These principles are applied to the
arrangement of the Subclasses Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones independently, the Mono-
cotyledones being usually regarded as the simpler, as shown by the less degree of differentia-
tion of their tissues, though their floral structure is not so very different nor their antiquity
much greater, so far as present information goes. For these reasons it is considered that
Typhaceae are the simplest of the Monocotyledones, and Orchidaceae the most complex;
Saururaceae the simplest family of Dicotyledones in our area, and Compositae the most
complex

Inasmuch as evolution has not always been progressive, but some groups, on the con-
trary, have clearly been developed by degradation from more highly organized ones, and
other groups have been produced by divergence along more than one line from the parent
stock, no linear consecutive sequence can, at all points, truly represent the actual lines of
descent.

VOL. I. INTRODUCTION. ix

Nomenclature.

The names of genera and species used in this work are in general accordance with the
Code of Nomenclature recommended by the Nomenclature Commission of the Botanical
Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, published in Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club 34: 167-178, 1907, to which reference is made. The synonyms
given under each species in this work include the recent current names, and thus avoid any
difficulty in identification.

The necessity for rules of nomenclature arose from the great confusion that has existed
through the many different botanical names for the same species or genera. Some species
have had from 10 to 50 different names, and, worse still, different plants have often had the
same name. For about 200,000 known species of plants there are not fewer than 700,000
recorded names. Such a chaotic condition of nomenclature is not only extremely unscien-
tific, burdensome and confusing in itself, but the difficulty and uncertainty of identification
which it causes in the comparative study of plants made it a serious and constant obstruction
in the path of botanical inquiry.

The need of reform, and of finding some simple and fixed system of stable nomen-
clature, has long been recognized. This was clearly stated in 1813 by A. P. DeCandolle in
his " Theorie filementaire de la Botanique " (pp. 228-250), where he declares priority to be
the fundamental law of nomenclature. Most systematists have acknowledged the validity of
this rule. Dr. Asa Gray, in his " Structural Botany," says (p. 348) : " For each plant or
group there can be only one valid name, and that always the most ancient, if it is tenable;
consequently no new name should be given to an ok^plant or group, except for necessity."

This principle was applied to Zoology in the " Stricklandian Code," adopted in 1842 as
Rules of the British Association, and revised in 1860 and 1865 by a committee embracing the
most eminent English authorities, such as Darwin, Henslow, Wallace, Clayton, Balfour,
Huxley. Bentham and Hooker. In American Zoology the same difficulties were met and
satisfactorily overcome by a rigid system of rules analogous to those here followed and now
generally accepted by zoologists and palaeontologists.

At an International Botanical Congress held at Pans in 1867, A. DeCandolle presented a
system of rules which, with modifications, were adopted, and are the foundation of the
present rules of the botanists of the American Association. These rules were in part
adopted also by the International Botanical Congress held at Genoa in 1892, and by the
Austro-German botanists at their meeting in September, 1904.

The Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
adopted rules for Nomenclature at meetings held in 1892 and 1893, which were followed in
our first edition. An International Botanical Congress assembled at Vienna in 1005, and
materially modified the Paris rules of 1867, and another Congress was held at Brussels in
1910. In the present edition the Code of Nomenclature recommended by the American
Commission in 1907, is closely followed, as above stated.

Types of Genera and Species.

The critical study of plants, resulting in the present knowledge by botanists of many
more genera and species than formerly, has made necessary more exact definition and
determination of both genera and species by basing them on types, a method previously
reached in zoology. The following principles are contained in the Code of Nomenclature
above referred to :

i. The nomenclatorial type of a species or subspecies is the specimen to which the describer
originally applied the name in publication.

(a) When more than one specimen was originally cited, the type or group of specimens
in which the type is included may be indicated by the derivation of the name from
that of the collector, locality or host.

(6) Among specimens equally eligible, the type is that first figured with the original
description, or in default of a figure the first mentioned.

(c) In default of an original specimen, that represented by the identifiable figure or (in
default of a figure) description -first cited or subsequently published, serves as
the type.

x INTRODUCTION. VOL. I.

2. The nomenclatorial type of a genus or subgenus is the species originally named or desig-
nated by the author of the name. If no species was designated, the type is the first
binomial species in order eligible under the following provisions :

(a) The type' is to be selected from a subgenus, section or other list of species originally
designated as typical. The publication of a new generic name as an avowed substi-
tute for an earlier invalid one does not change the type of a genus.

(&) A figured species is to be selected rather than an unfigured species in the same work.
In the absence of a figure, preference is to be given to the first species accompanied
by the citation of a specimen in a regularly published series of exsiccatae. In the
case of genera adopted from prebinomial authors (with or without change of name),
a species figured by the author from whom the genus is adopted should be selected.

(c) The application to a genus of a former specific name of one of the included species,
designates the type.

(d) Where economic or indigenous species are included in the same genus with foreign
species, the type is to be selected from (i) the economic species or (2) those indige-
nous from the standpoint of the original author of the genus.

(e) The types of genera adopted through citations of nonbinomial literature (with or
without change of name), are to be selected from those of the original species
which receive names in the first binomial publication. The genera of Linnaeus'
Species Plantarum (1753) are to be typified through the citations given in his
Genera Plantarum (1754).

In the present edition, the type species of genera are cited or otherwise indicated.

English Names of Plants.

The general desire for some English name for the different plants described has been met
so far as possible. All names in common use have been inserted, so far as they have come
to the authors' knowledge, except such as were merely local, or where they were too numer-
ous for insertion. An exception has also been made in a few instances where a common
name, from its false suggestion, as in the name of Dog's-tooth Violet for Adder's-tongue,
is calculated to mislead as to the nature of the plant. Where no previous names in common
use could be found, the names given are founded on some characteristic circumstance of
description, habitat, site or author.

In the first edition, many thousand popular names, compiled mostly by Judge Brown,
were printed in the General Index only. In this edition, they are all carried into the body
of the work in their appropriate places in connection with the descriptive text a great
convenience to those interested in plant-nomenclature. A few additional common names are
given in this edition.

No similar compilation of American plant-names has been hitherto published in any other
work. Many of them are not to be found in any general dictionaries. To the mass of the
people they will afford, in connection with the illustrations, the readiest means of plant-
identification.

The popular names are full of interest, from their origin, history and significance. Hun-
dreds of them, brought to this country by the early English Colonists, are still in current
use among us, though now obsolete in England. As observed in Britten and Holland's
work cited below, " they are derived from a variety of languages, often carrying us back to
the early days of our country's history, and to the various peoples who as conquerors or
colonists have landed on our shores and left an impress on our language. Many of these
old-world words are full of poetical associations, speaking to us of the thoughts and feelings
of the people who invented them ; others tell of the ancient mythology of our ancestors, of
strange old medicinal usages, and of superstitions now almost forgotten."

Most of these names suggest their own explanation. The greater number are either
descriptive or derived from the supposed uses, qualities or properties of the plants ; many
refer to their habitat, appearance or resemblance real or fancied to other things ; others come
from poetical suggestion, affection or association with saints or persons. Many are very
graphic, as the western name, Prairie Fire (Castilleia coccinea) ; many are quaint or humor-

VOL. I. INTRODUCTION. xi

ous, as Cling-rascal (Galium Aparine) or Wait-a-bit (Smilax rotundifolia) ; and in some the
corruptions are amusing, as Aunt Jerichos (N. Eng.) from Angelica. The words Horse,
Ox, Dog, Bull, Snake, Toad are often used as a prefix to denote size, coarseness, worthless-
ness or aversion. ' Devil or Devil's is used as a prefix for upwards of 40 of our plants, mostly
expressive of dislike or of some traditional resemblance or association. A number of names
have been contributed by the Indians, such as Chinquapin, Wicopy, Pipsissewa, Wankapin,
etc. ; while the term Indian, evidently a favorite, is applied as a descriptive prefix to upwards
of 80 different plants.

There should be no antagonism in the use of scientific and popular names, since their
purposes are quite different. Science demands certainty and universality, and hence a single
universal name for each plant. For this the Latin has been adopted, and the Latin name
should be used, when only scientific objects are sought. But the vernacular names are a part
of the growth and development of the language of each people. Though these names are
sometimes indicative of specific characters and hence scientifically valuable, they are for the
most part not at all scientific, but utilitarian, emotional or picturesque. As such, they are
invaluable; not for science, but for the common intelligence, and the appreciation and enjoy-
ment of the plant world. These names, in truth, reflect the mental attitude of each people,
throughout its history, toward the plant kingdom; and the thoughts, suggestions, affections
or emotions which it has aroused in them. If these are rich and multitudinous, as in the
Anglo-Saxon race, so will the plant-names be also.

Usually the most common or the favorite plants have a variety of names; but this is
noticeably otherwise with the Asters and the Golden-i;ods, of which there are about 125
species within our area, the common names of which, considering their abundance and variety,
are comparatively few. The Golden-rods, without distinction, are also known as Yellow-
weed or Yellow-tops; the Asters are called also Frost-weed, Frost-flowers, Good-bye Summer
and by the Onandaga Indians, " It brings the Frost." A few like Aster ericoides have several
interesting names, but most of the species in each genus resemble each other so much that
not a quarter of the species have suggested to the popular apprehension any distinctive name;
while other less showy plants, like the Pansy (Viola tricolor), the Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris), the Spotted Touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora), Bluets (Houstonia coerulea) and
others, have a score of different names.

In compiling these names, reference has been made to numerous general and special
botanical works, to our state and local Floras, to Hobbs' Botanical Handbook (pharma-
ceutical), to Beal's, Scribner's and Pammel's works on Grasses, to Sud worth's Arborescent
Flora, to Britten and Holland's Dictionary of English Plant Names (London, 1886), and to
the valuable papers of Mrs. F. D. Bergen on Popular Plant Names in the Botanical Gazette
for 1892, p. 365; for 1893, p. 420; for 1894, p. 429, and for 1896, p. 473. Prof. E. S. Burgess
has also supplied about 100 popular names not before noted that are in use at Martha's
Vineyard and in Washington, D. C. ; and Mrs. Horner, of Georgetown, Mass., and Miss
Bartlett, of Haverhill, Mass., have each contributed some.

Pronunciation.

In botanical names derived from Greek or Latin words, their compounds, or derivatives,
the accent, according to the ordinary rule, is placed upon the penultimate syllable, if it is
long in Latin quantity ; otherwise, upon the antepenult. Many names, however, have been
given to plants in honor of individuals, which, having nothing Latin about them except the
terminal form, and the pronunciation given to them by botanical authors being diverse, are
here accented like the names of the persons, so far as euphony will permit. This rule is fol-
lowed because it is believed to agree with the prevailing usage among botanists in ordinary
speech; because it is in accord with the commemorative object of such names, which ought
not to be obscured by a forced and unnatural pronunciation ; and because the test applied to
words properly Latin, viz., the usage of the Latin poets, cannot be applied to words of this
class. We therefore give Torreyi, Vaseyi, Careyi, Jamesii, Alleni, rather than Torreyi,
Vaseyi, Careyi, Jamesii, Alleni.

The acute accent is used to denote the short English sound only; as in bat, bet, bid, not,
nut; the grave accent, to denote either of the other English sounds, whether long, broad or
open ; as a in bale, ball, bar, bare, laud ; e in eve, there ; i in pine, pique, machine ; o in note,
move ; in pure, rude. The accent for the short or longer English sound is based upon cur-

xii INTRODUCTION. VOL. I.

rent English usage, as given in the chief English dictionaries from Walker's to the most
recent, and without reference to the supposed ancient pronunciation.

Much diversity has been found in botanical works in the accented syllable of many
modern Latin adjectives ending in -inus, -ina, -inum, derived from Latin' words. As these
adjectives are derived from Latin roots and are regularly formed, their pronunciation should
properly follow classical analogies. When signifying, or referring to, time, material, or
inanimate substances, they should, therefore, according to Andrews & Stoddard's rule, have
the penult usually short, and the accent on the antepenult; as in gossipina, cannabina, secalina,
salicina, amygdalina, and other adjectives derived from plant names, like the classic nard-
inus, cyprinus, faginus. When these adjectives have other significations than those above
referred to, the penult under the ordinary Latin rule is usually long and accented ; as in
lupulina. leporina, hystricina, like the classic ursina, canina.

The Use of Capital Letters.

In accordance with the recommendations of the Nomenclature Commission of the
Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, specific or
varietal names derived from persons, or used as the genitive of generic names or as sub-
stantives, are printed with the initial capital letter. There is much difference of opinion
as to the desirability of this practice, many botanists, and almost all zoologists, following
the principle of writing all specific names with a small initial letter. Should this custom
prevail, much information concerning the history and significance of the specific names would
be lost. Thus in the Tulip-tree, Liriodendron Tulipifera, the specific name Tulipifera was
the ancient generic name; and the same with Lythrum Salicaria, L. Hyssopifolia, L. Vul-
neraria, and many other species. In all other forms of writing, personal adjectives such as
Nuttallii, Engelmanni or Torreyi are printed with capitals. We adhere to the ordinary
literary usage.

Keys.

A general Key of the Orders and Families has been prepared by Dr. Britton according
to the method followed in the Keys to the genera and species. This general Key has been
elaborated on the natural method, dividing the two subkingdoms of plants described in the
work into Classes, Subclasses, Orders and Families successively. The Orders are not
described in the work itself, but their principal distinguishing characters are given in this
key. The natural method adopted necessitates a considerable number of exceptions to
statements, owing to the varying degree of development of floral organs in the derivation
of plants from their ancestors ; these exceptions are either noted under the headings or indi-
cated by cross-references.

In using this key, or any of the keys to genera or to species, the student will often find,
in the analysis of a plant that it does not provide all the information necessary for its deter-
mination; this is generally owing to the incomplete condition of the specimen collected; it
may be in flower, while the characteristic differences between it and others are only to be
found in the fruit, or vice versa; or the species may be dioecious, or polygamous, when its
other organs, perchance the characteristic ones, must be sought on another individual, and
there are various other causes for incompleteness. It is therefore earnestly recommended
that collections be carefully made, seeking to reduce as far as possible this more or less
necessary incompleteness. Where satisfactory material can not be obtained, it will usually be
found possible to reach the desired analysis by following out two or more lines of the key,
and by comparing the results reached with the descriptions to determine the family, genus
or species. The illustrations provide an almost indispensable aid in such cases.

Assistance and Cooperation.

In the preparation of both the first edition and of the second we have had valued
cooperation from many botanists, which is here gratefully acknowledged. The late Pro-
fessor Thomas C. Porter contributed much to the first edition by suggestion, specimens,
and the examination of proof sheets. Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell has contributed specimens
studied for both editions and read the proof sheets of the first. Dr. John K. Small has
assisted in the preparation of both editions, contributing the entire text of several families,

VOL. I. INTRODUCTION. xiii

and has read the proof sheets of the second. The Pteridophyte text was contributed to the
first edition by the late Professor Lucien M. Underwood, and to the second edition by Mr.
William R. Maxon. The text of the Grass Family has been written by Mr. George V. Nash
for both editions; many of the drawings of grasses made by Mr. Theodore Holm for the
first edition were supervised by Professor F. Lamson Scribner. The late Mr. Charles E.
Smith critically examined the final proof sheets of the first edition. Mr. Frederick V.
Coville has contributed the text of Juncaceae to both editions. The late Dr. Thomas Morong
wrote the text of several families for the first edition. The text of the Carrot Family in
both editions has been examined by Dr. J. N. Rose. Most of the drawings for the first
edition were supervised by Dr. Arthur Hollick.

For the second edition Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie has contributed the text of Carex,
and supplied many specimens for study; Mr. W. W. Eggleston has written the text of
Crataegus; Dr. Ezra Brainerd has written the text of Viola; Dr. Per Axel Rydberg has
aided in the determination of specimens ; and many others have aided by specimens, notes
and information.

Draughtsmen.

Most of the drawings for the first edition were executed by Mr. F. Emil ; he made all
the figures of the Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, and nearly all of the Monocotyledones, with
the exception of those of Gramineae, Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also
nearly all of the apetalous Choripetalae, and a considerable portion of the Sympetalae. Miss
Millie Timmerman (now Mrs. Heinrich Ries) drew the bulk of the polypetalous Chori-
petalae, the enlarged parts being mostly inserted by Dr. Arthur Hollick; she also did some
work on several of the sympetalous families. Mr. Joseph Bridgham drew the Melanthaceae,
Liliaceae and Convallariaceae; also the Ericaceae, Primulaceae and several related families.
Mr. Theodore Holm drew most of the Gramineae. Dr. Hollick has made some drawings
and numerous enlargements of special parts throughout the work. Miss Mary Knight and
Mr. Rudolph Weber have also contributed drawings.

The additional drawings needed for the second edition, and some corrections of the
old ones, have been made by Mr. A. Mariolle, Miss Mary E. Eaton and Miss Rachel
Robinson.

NEW YORK,

April 15, 1913.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

A. Benn. Bennett, Arthur.

A. Br. Braun, Alexander.
Adans. Adanson. Michel.
Ait. Alton, William.

Ait. f. Alton, William Townsend.

All. Allioni, Carlo.

Anders. Andersson, Nils Johan.

Andr. Andrews, Henry C.

Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Lukianowicz.

Angs. Angstrom, Johan.

Ard. Ardulno, Luigi.

Am. Arnott, George Arnold Walker.

Aschers. Ascherson. Paul Friedrich August.

Asch. & Graebn. Ascherson, P. F. A., anl

Graebner, Paul.

Aubl. Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophore Fuscc.
Aust. Austin, Coe Finch.
Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale.
Baldw. Baldwin, William.
Baill. Baillon, Henri.
Bartl. Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb.
Bart. Barton, William P. C.
Bartr. Bartram, John.
Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J.
Benth. Bentham, George.
Benth.&Hook. Bentham, George, and Hooker,

Joseph Dalton.

Berch. Berchtold, Friedrich von.
Bernh. Bernhardl, Johann Jacob.
Bess. Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von.
Bieb. Bieberstein, F. A. M. von.
Bigel. Bigelow, Jacob.
Bisch. Bischofr, Gottlieb Wilhelm.
Biv. Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio.
Boeckl. Boeckeler, Otto.
Boehm. Boehmer, George Rudolf.
Boiss. Boissier, Edmond.
Borck. Borckhausen, Moritz Balthazar.
Brack. Brackinridge, William D.
Brew. Brewer, William Henry.
Britt. Britton, N. L.

B. S. P. Britton, N. L. ; Sterns, Emerson Alex-
ander; Poggenburg, Justus.

Brongn. Brongniart, Adolphe Theodore.

Brot. Brotero, Felix de Avellar.

Buck. Buchenau, Franz.

Buckl. Buckley, Samuel Botsford.

Burgsd. Burgsdorff, Friedrich August Ludwig

von.

Carr. Carriere, filie Abel.
Casp. Caspary, Robert.
Cass. Cassini Henri.
Cav. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose.
Celak. Celakowsky, Ladislav.
Cerv. Cervantes, Vicente.
Cham. Chamisso, Adalbert von.

C. & S., Cham. & Sch. Chamisso and Schlecn-
tendahl.

Chapm. Chapman, Alvan Wentworth.

Chois. Choisy, Jacques Denis.

C. Chr. Christensen, Carl.

Clairv. Clairville, Joseph Philippe de.

Clayt. Clayton, John.

Cogn. Cogniaux. Alfred.

Coult. (Dips.) Coulter, Thomas.

Coult. Coulter, John Merle.

C.6-R. Coulter, J.M., and Rose, Joseph Nelson.

Darl. Darlington, William.

Davenp. Davenport, George Edward.

DC. De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.

A. DC. De Candolle, Alphonse.

Decne. Decaisne, Joseph.

Desf. Desfontaine, Rene Louiche.

Desr. Desroussoux, Louis Auguste Joseph.

Desv. Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin.

Dicks. Dickson, James.

Dietr. Dietrich, David Nathaniel Friedrich.

Dill. Dillen, John Jacob.

Dougl. Douglas, David.

Drej. Drejer, Saloman Thomas Nicolai.

Dryand. Dryander, Jonas.

Dufr. Dufresne, Pierre.

Dumort. Dumortier, Barthelemy Charles.

Duperr. Duperry, Louis Isidore.

Durasz. Durazzini.

Eat. Eaton, Amos.

Eat. & Wr. Eaton, Amos, and Wright, John.

Eberm. Ebermaier, Karl Heinrich.

Eggl. Eggleston, Willard Webster.

Ehrh. Enrhart, Friedrich.

Ell. Elliott, Stephen.

Endl. Endhcher, Stephen Ladislaus.

Engelm. Engelmann, George.

Esch. Escholtz, Johann Friedrich.

Fabr. Fabricius, Philipp Konrad.

Fisch. Fischer, Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von.

F. 6- M. Fischer and Meyer, C. A.

Foug. Fougeroux, Auguste Denis.

Forsk. Forskal, Pehr.

Forst. Forster, Johann Reinhold and George.

Fourr. Fourreau, Jules.

Fresen. Fresenius, Johann Baptist Georg Wolf-
gang.

Froel. Froelich, Joseph Aloys.

Gaert. Gaertner, Joseph.

Gaertn. f. Gaertner, Carl Friedrich.

Gal. Galeotti, Henri.

Gaud. Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles.

Gey. Geyer, Carl Andreas.

Gill. Gillies, John.

Ging. Gingins de Lassaraz, Frederic Charles
Jean.

Glox. Gloxin, Benjamin Peter.

Gmel. Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.

Gmel. J. F. Gmelin, Johann Friedrich.

Gooden. Goodenough, Samuel.

Gren. & Godr. Grenier, Charles, and Godron,
D. A.

Grev. Greville, Robert Kaye.

Griseb. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolf August.

Gronov. Gronovius, Jan Frederik.

Guss. Gussone, Giovanni.

Hack. Hackel, Eduard.

Hall. Haller, Albert von.

Hamilt. Hamilton, William.

Hartm. Hartman, Carl Johann.

Hassk. Hasskarl, Justus Carl.

Hausskn. Haussknecht, Carl.

Haw. Haworth, Adrian Hardy.

HBK. Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander von;
Bonpland, Aime, and Kunth, Carl Sieges-
mund.

Hegelm. Hegelmaier, Friedrich.

Hedw. f. Hedwig, Romanus Adolf.

Hell. Hellenius, Carl Niclas.

Heist. Heister, Lorenz.

xiv

VOL. I.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

xv

Herb. Herbert, William.

Hitchc. Hitchcock, Albert Spear.

Hochst. Hochstetter, Christian Friedrich.

Hoffm. Hoffman, George Franz.

Hoffmg. Hoffmansegg, Johann Centurius.

Hols. Holzinger, Johann Michael.

Holl. Hollick, Arthur.

Hook. Hooker, William Jajkson.

H. & A. Hooker, W. J., and Arnott, George A.

Walker.

Hook. f. Hooker, Joseph Dalton.
Hornem. Hornemann, Jens Wilken.
Huds. Hudson, William.
Irm. Irmisch, Thilo.
Jacq. Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph.
Juss. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent.

A. Juss. Jussieu, Adrien de.

B. Juss. Jussieu, Bernard de.
Karst. Karsten, H.

Kit. Kitaibel, Paul.

Kl. Klotsch, Johann Friedrich.

Kuchl. Kiihlwein.

L. Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linne.

L. f. Linne, Carl von (the son).

L'Her. L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis.

Laest. Laestadius, Lars Levi.

Lag. Lagasca, Mariano.

La//. Lallemant, Charles.

Lam. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre

Monnet.

Lamb. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke.
L. C. Rich. Richard, Louis Claude Marie.
Leavenw. Leavenworth, Melines C.
Ledeb. Ledebour, Carl Friedrich von.
Lehm. Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian.
Le Peyr. Le Peyrouse, Philippe.
Lepech. Lepechin, Iwan.

Lesp. & They. Lespinasse, G., and Theveneau, A.
Less. Lessing, Christian Friedrich.
Lestib. Lestiboudois, Francois Joseph.
Light f. Lightfoot, John.
Lilj. Liljeblad, Samuel.
I.indl. Lindley, John.
Lodd. Loddiges, Conrad.
Loefi. Loefling, Pehr.
Lois. Loiseleur-Deslongechamps, Jean Louis

Auguste.

Loud. Loudqn, John Claudius.
Lour. Loureiro, Juan.
Mack. Mackenzie, Kenneth K.
MacM. MacMillan, Conway.
Marsh. Marshall, Humphrey.
Mars. Marsson, Theodor.
Mart. Martens, Martin.
Mart. & Gal. Martens, Martin, and Galeotti,

Henri.
Max. Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prince

of Wied.

Maxim. Maximowicz, Carl Johann.
Medic. Medicus, Friedrich Cassimir.
Meisn. Meisner, Carl Friedrich.
Mer. Merat, Francois Victor.
Mert. & Koch., M. & K. Mertens, Franz Karl,

and Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.
Mett. Mettenius, George Heinrich.
Mey. Meyer, Ernest Heinrich Friedrich.
Michx. Michaux, Andre.
Michx. f. Michaux, Francois Andre.
Mill. Miller, Philip.
Millsp. Millspaugh, Charles Frederic.
Mitch. Mitchell, John.
Mont. Montagne, Jean Frangois Camille.
Moric. Moricand, Moise Etienne.
Moq. Moquin-Tandon, Alfred.
Muell. Arg. Miiller, Jean, of Aargau.
Muench. Muenchhausen, Otto von.
Muhl. Miihlenberg, Heinrich Ludwig.
Murr. Murray, Johann Andreas.
Neck. Necker, Noel Joseph de.
Newm. Newman, Edward.
Nestl. Nestler, Christian Gottfried.

Nutt. Nuttall, Thomas.

On. Ortega, Casimiro Gomez.

Pall. Pallas, Peter Simon.

Parl. Parlatore, Filippo.

P. Br. Browne, Patrick.

Pers. Persoon. Christian Hendrik.

Planch. Planchon, Jules Emile.

Plum. Plumier, Charles.

Pair. Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.

Poll. Pollich, Johann Adam.

Pourr. Pourret, Pierre Andre.

R. Br. Brown, Robert.

Raf. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constantino Samuel.

Redf. & Rand. Redfield, John H., and Rand,
Edward S.

Reichb. Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Lud-
wig.

Rets. Retzius. Anders Johan.

Richards. Richardson, John.

Ridd. Riddell, John L.

Rivin. Rivinus, August Quirinus.

Robb. Robbins, J. W.

Roem. Roemer, Johann Jacob.

R. & S. Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, Joseph
August.

Roem. & Ust. Roemer, J. J., and Usteri, Paulus.

Rostk. Rostkovius, Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb.

Rottb. Rottboell, Christen Fries.

Roxb. Roxburgh, William.

R.&P. Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef.

Rupp. Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard.

Rupr. Ruprecht, Franz J.

Rydb. Rydberg, Per Axel.

St. Hit. St. Hilaire, August de.

Saltsb. Salisbury, Richard Anthony.

Sarg. Sargent, Charles Sprague.

Sartw. Sartwell, Henry P.

Sav. Savi, Gaetano.

Schk. Schkuhr, Christian.

Schlecht. Schlechtendal, Diedrich Franz Leon-
hard von.

Schleich. Schleicher, J. C.

Schleid. Schleiden, Matthias Jacob.

Schrad. Schrader, Heinrich Adolph.

Schreb. Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von.

Schult. Schultes, Joseph August.

Sch. Bip. Schultz Bipontinus, Karl Heinrich.

Schum. Schumacher, Christian Friedrich.

Schwein. Schweinitz, Lewis David von.

Scop. Scopoli, Johann Anton.

Scribn. Scribner, Frank Lamson.

Scribn. & Ryd. Scribner, F. L., and Rydberg,
P. A.

Ser. Seringe, Nicolas Charles.

Seub. Seubert, Moritz.

Sheld. Sheldon, Edmund P.

Shuttlw. Shuttleworth, Robert.

Sibth. Sibthorp, John.

Sieb. & Zucc. Siebold, Philipp Franz von, and
Zuccarini, Joseph Gerhard.

Soland. Solander, Daniel.

Spreng. Sprengel, Kurt.

Steud. Steudel, Ernest Gottlieb.

Stev. Steven, Christian.

Sudw. Sudworth, George B.

Sw. Swartz, Olof.

S. Wats. Watson, Sereno.

Thuill. Thuillier, Jean Louis.

Thunb. Thunberg, Carl Peter.

Thurb. Thurber, George.

Torr. Torrey, John.

Torr. & Sch-w. Torrey, J., and Schweinitz, L. D.

Torr. & Hook. Torrey, John, and Hooker, Wil-
liam Jackson.

Tourn. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de.

Tratt. Trattinnick, Leopold.

Trel. Trelease, William.

Traut. Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph.

Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard.

Trin. & Rupr. Trinius, Karl B., and Ruprecht,
F. J.

XVI

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

VOL. I.

Tuckerm. Tuckerman, Edward.

Turcz. Turczaninow, Nicolaus.

Underw. Underwood, Lucien Marcus.

Vaill. Vaillant, Sebastien.

Veil. Velloso, Jose Marianne de Conceic,ao.

Vent. Ventenat, fitienne Pierre.

Vill. Villars, Dominique.

IVahl. Wahlenberg, Georg.

Wahlb. Wahlenberg, Pehr Friedrich.

W. & K. Waldstem, Franz Adam von, and

Kitalbal, Paul.

Wallr. Wallroth, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm.
Walp. Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard.
Walt. Walter, Thomas.
Wang. Wangenheim, Friedrich Adam Julius

von.
Wats. & Coult. Watson, Sereno, and Coulter,

John Merle.

Web. Weber, Friedrich.

Wedd. Weddell, H. A.

Wcinm. Weinmann, J. A.

Wender. Wenderoth, George Wilhelm Franz.

Wendl. Wendland, Johann Christoph.

Wetist. Wettstein, R. von.

Wigg. Wiggers, Friedrich Heinrich.

Willd. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.

Wimm. Wimmer, Friedrich.

Wislis. Wislizenus, A.

With. Withering, William.

Woljg. Wolfgang, Jan.

Woodv. Woodville, William.

IVonnsk. Wormskiold, M. von.

Wr. Wright. John.

Wulf. Wulfen, Franz Xavier.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Acaulescent. With stem subterranean, or nearly
so.

Accumbent. Cotyledons witti margins folded
against the hypocotyl.

Achene. A dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit with
the pericarp tightly fitting around the seed.

Acicular. Needle-shaped.

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the apex.

Acute. Sharp pointed

Adnate. An organ adhering to a contiguous dif-
fering one ; an anther attached longitudinally
to the end of the filament.

Adventive. Not indigenous, but apparently be-
coming naturalized.

Albumen. See Endosperm.

Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or odor.

Alternate. Not opposite ; with a single leaf at
each node.

Alveolate. Like honeycomb ; closely pitted.

Ament. A spike of imperfect flowers subtended
by scarious bracts, as in the willows.

Amphibious. At times inhabiting the water.

Amphitropous. Term applied to the partly in-
verted ovule.

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem, or other axis.

Anastomosing. Connecting so as to form a well-
defined network.

Anatropous. Applied to an inverted ovule with
the micropyle very near the hilum.

Androgynous. Flower clusters having stami-
nate and pistillate flowers ; in Carex, a spike
with upper flowers staminate and lower pistil-
late.

Angiospermous. Pertaining to the Angio-
spermae ; bearing seeds within a pericarp.

Anther. The part of the stamen which contains
the pollen.

Anther id. The male organ of reproduction in
Pteridophyta and Bryophyta.

Anthesis. Period of flowering.

Apetalous. Without a corolla.

Aphyllopodic. In Carex, with lower leaves
bladeless or with rudimentary leaves only.

Apical. At the top, or referring to the top.

Apiculate. With a minute pointed tip.

Appressed. Lying against another organ.

Arborescent. Tree-like, in size or shape.

Archegone. The female reproductive organ in
Pteridophyta and Bryophyta.

Areolate. Reticulated.

Areolation. The system of meshes in a net-
work of veins.

Areole. A mesh in a network of veins.

Aril. A fleshy organ growing about the hilum.

Arillate. Provided with an aril.

Aristate. Tipped by an awn or bristle.

Aristulate. Diminutive of aristate.

Ascending. Growing obliquely upward, or up-
curved.

Asexual. Without sex.

Assurgent. See Ascending.

Auricled. (Auriculate) with basal ear-like lobes.

Awn. A slender bristle-like organ.

Axil. The point on a stem immediately above
the base of a leaf.

Axile. In the axis of an organ.

Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to an axil.

Baccate. Berry-like.

Barbellate. Furnished with minute barbs.

Basifixed. Attached by the base.

Berry. A fruit with pericarp wholly pulpy

Bilabiate. With two lips.

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.

Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid.

Blade. The flat expanded part of a leaf.

Bract. A leaf, usually small, subtending a flower

or flower-cluster, or a sporange.
Bracteate. With bracts.
Bracteolate. Having bractlets.
Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne on a pedicel,

or immediately beneath a flower ; sometimes

applied to minute bracts.

Bulb. A bud with fleshy scales, usually subter-
ranean.
Bulblet. A small bulb, especially those borne on

leaves, or in their axils.
Bulbous. Similar to a bulb; bearing bulbs.
Caducous. Falling away very soon after devel-
opment.

Caespitose. Growing in tufts.
Callosity. A small, hard protuberance.
Callus. An extension of the inner scale of a

grass spikelet ; a protuberance.
Calyx. The outer of two series of floral leaves.
Campanulate. Bell-shaped.
Campylotropous. Term applied to the curved

ovule.

Cancellate. Reticulated, with the meshes sunken.
Canescent. With gray or hoary fine pubescence.
Canaliculate. Channelled; longitudinally

grooved.

Capitate. Arranged in a head ; knob-like.
Capsular. Pertaining to or like a capsule.
Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels or more,

usually dehiscent by valves or teeth.
Carinate. Keeled ; with a longitudinal ridge.
Carpel. The modified leaf forming the ovary, or

a part of a compound ovary.
Caruncle. An appendage to a seed at the hilum.
Carunculate. With a caruncle.
Caryopsis. The grain ; fruit of grasses, with a

thin pericarp adherent to the seed.
Caudate. With a slender tail-like appendage.
Caudex. The persistent base of perennial herbs,

usually only the part above ground.
Caudicle. Stalk of a pollen-mass in the Orchid

and Milkweed Families.
Cauline. Pertaining to the stem.
Cell. A cavity of an anther or ovary.
Chaff. Thin dry scales.
Chalaza. The base of the ovule.
Chartaceous. Papery in texture.
Chlorophyll. Green coloring matter of plants.
Chlorophyllous. Containing chlorophyll.
Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs.
Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.
Cilium. A hair.
Cinereous. Ashy ; ash-colored.
Circinnate. Coiled downward from the apex.
Circumscissile. Transversely dehiscent, the top

falling away as a lid.
Clavate. Club-shaped.
Cleistogamous. Flowers which do not open, but

are pollinated from their own anthers.
Cleft. Cut about halfway to the midvein.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

VOL. I.

Clinandrium. Cavity between the anther-sacs in

orchids.

Cochleate. Like a snail shell.
Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of some seeds.
Commissure. The contiguous surfaces of two

carpels.

Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise.
Confluent. Blended together.
Connate. Similar organs more or less united.
Connective. The end of the filament, between

the anther-sacs.
Connivent. Converging.

Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up longi-
tudinally.

Coralloid. Resembling coral.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Conn. A swollen fleshy base of a stem.

Corolla. The inner of two series of floral leaves.

Corona; Crown. An appendage of the corolla;
a crown-like margin at the top of an organ.

Coroniform. Crown-like.

Corymb. A convex or flat-topped flower-cluster
of the racemose type with pedicels or rays
arising from different points on the axis.

Corymbose. Borne in corymbs ; corymb-like.

Costate. Ribbed.

Cotyledon. A rudimentary leaf of the embryo.

Crenate. Scalloped ; with rounded teeth.

Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate.

Crustaceous. Hard and brittle.

Cucullate. Hooded, or resembling a hood.

Culm. The stem of grasses and sedges.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.

Cusp. A sharp stiff point.

Cuspidate. Sharp-pointed; ending in a cusp.

Cyme. A convex or flat flower-cluster of the
determinate type, the central flowers first un-
folding.

Cymose. Arranged in cymes ; cyme-like.

Deciduous. Falling away at the close of the
growing period.

Decompound. More than once-divided.

Decumbent. Stems or branches in an inclined
position, but the end ascending.

Decurrent. Applied to the prolongation of an
organ, or part of an organ running along the
sides of another.

Deflexed. Turned abruptly downward.

Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary, anther-
sac or sporange to emit the contents.

Dehiscent. Opening to emit the contents.

Deltoid. Broadly triangular, like the Greek let-
ter delta, A.

Dentate. Toothed, especially with outwardly
projecting-teeth.

Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate.

Depauperate. Impoverished, small.

Depressed. Vertically flattened.

Dextrorse. Spirally ascending to the right.

Diadelphous. Stamens united into two sets.

Diandrous. Having two stamens.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly into two nearly
equal branches or segments.

Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons.

Didymous. Twin-like ; of two nearly equal seg-
ments.

Diffuse. Loosely spreading.

Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers spread.

Dimorphous. Of two forms.

Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers or an-
therids on one plant, and pistillate flowers or
archegones on another of the same species.

Discoid. Heads of Compositae composed only
of tubular flowers, rayless ; like a disk.

Disk. An enlargement or prolongation of the
receptacle of a flower around the base of the
pistil ; the head of tubular flowers in Com-
positae.

Dissected. Divided into many segments or lobes.

Dissepiment. A partition-wall of an ovary or
fruit.

Distichous. Arranged in two rows.

Distinct. Separate from each other ; evident.

Divaricate. Diverging at a wide angle.

Divided. Cleft to the base or to the mid-nerve.

Dorsal. On the back, or pertaining to the back.

Drupaceous. Drupe-like.

Drupe. A simple fruit, usually indehiscent with
fleshy exocarp and bony endocarp.

Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe.

Echinate. Prickly.

Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in section.

Elliptic. With the outline of an ellipse ; oval.

Emarginate. Notched at the apex.

Embryo. A rudimentary plant in the seed.

Embryo-sac. The macrospore of the flowering
plants, contained in the ovule.

Endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp.

Endogenous. Forming new tissue within.

Endosperm. The substance surrounding the
embryo of a seed ; albumen.

Ensiform. Shaped like a broad sword.

Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.

Ephemeral. Continuing for only a day or less.

Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the upper
part of the ovary.

Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, but not
parasitic.

Equitant. Folded around each other; strad-
dling.

Erase. Irregularly margined, as if gnawed.

Evanescent. Early disappearing.

Evergreen. Bearing green leaves throughout
the year.

Ex-current. With a tip projecting beyond the
main part of the organ.

Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers.

Exocarp. The outer layer of the pericarp.

Exogenous. Forming new tissue outside the
older.

Exserted. Prolonged past surrounding organs.

Exstipulate. Without stipules.

Extrorse. Facing outward.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped.

Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing starch.

Fascicle. A dense cluster.

Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters.

Fastigiate. Stems or branches which are nearly
erect and close together.

Fenestrate. With window-like markings.

Fertile. Bearing spores, or bearing seed.

Fertilisation. The mingling of the contents of
a male and female cell.

Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust.

Fetid. Ill-smelling.

Fibrillose. With fibres or fibre-like organs.

Filament. The stalk of an anther ; the two form-
ing the stamen.

Filamentous. Composed of thread-like struc-
tures ; thread-like.

Filiform. Thread-like.

Fimbriate. With fringed edges.

Fimbrillate. Minutely fringed.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindric.

Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged like the
sticks of a fan.

Flaccid. Lax ; weak.

Flexuous. Alternately bent in different direc-
tions.

Floccose. With loose tufts of wool-like hairs.

Foliaceous. Similar to leaves.

Foliolate. With separate leaflets.

Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along one
suture.

Follicular. Similar to a follicle.

Foveate. Foveolate. More or less pitted.

Free. Separate from other organs ; not adnate.

Frond. The leaves of ferns.

Frutescent. Fruticose. More or less shrub-like.

Fugacious. Falling soon after development.

Fugitive. Plants not native, but occurring here
and there, without direct evidence of becom-
ing established.

VOL. I.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

xix

Funiculus. The stalk of an ovule or seed.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped.

Galea. A hood-like part of a perianth or corolla.

Galeate. With a galea.

Gametophyte. The sexual generation of plants.

Gamopetalous. With petals more or less united.

Gemma. A bud-like propagative organ.

Gibbous. ' Enlarged or swollen on one side.

Glabrate. Nearly without hairs.

Glabrous. Devoid of hairs.

Gladiate. Like a sword-blade.

Gland. A secreting cell, or group of cells.

Glandular. With glands, or gland-like.

Glaucous. Covered with a fine bluish or white

bloom ; bluish-hoary.
Globose. Spherical or nearly so.
Glomerate. In a compact cluster.
Glomerule. A dense capitate cyme. .
Glumaceous. Resembling glumes.
Glume. The scaly bracts of the spikelets of

grasses and sedges.
Granulose. Composed of grains.
Gregarious. Growing in groups or colonies.
Gynaecandrous. In Carex, a spike with upper

flowers pistillate and lower staminate.
Gynobase. A prolongation or enlargement of

the receptacle, supporting the ovary.
Habit. General aspect.

Habitat. A plant's natural place of growth.
Hastate. Halberd-shaped ; like sagittate, but

with the basal lobes diverging.
Haustoria. The specialized roots of parasites.
Head. A dense round cluster of sessile or

nearly sessile flowers.
Herbaceous. Leaf-like in texture and color ;

pertaining to an herb.
Hilum. The scar or area of attachment of a

seed or ovule.

Hirsute. With rather coarse stiff hairs.
Hispid. With bristly stiff hairs.
Hispidulous. Diminutive of hispid.
Hyaline. Thin and translucent.
Hypocotyl. The rudimentary stem of the em-
bryo ; also termed radicle.
Hypogynium. Organ supporting the ovary in

some sedges.
Hypogynous. Borne at the base of the ovary, or

below.
Hyponym. A generic or specific name untypi-

fied.

Imbricated. Overlapping.

Imperfect. Flowers with either stamens or pis-
tils, not with both.
Incised. Cut into sharp lobes.
Included. Not projecting beyond surrounding

parts.
Incumbent. With the back against the hypo-

cotyl.

Indehiscent. Not opening.
Indusium. The membrane covering a sorus.
Inequilateral. Unequal sided.
Inferior. Relating to an organ which arises or

is situated below another.
Inflexed. Abruptly bent inward.
Inflorescence. The flowering part of plants ; its

mode of arrangement.
Integument. A coat or protecting layer.
Internode. Portion of a stem or branch be-
tween two sviccessive nodes.
Introrse. Facing inward.
Involucel. A secondary involucre.
Invollucellate. With a secondary involucre.
Involucrate. With an involucre, or like one.
Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtending a

flower or flower-cluster.
Involute. Rolled inwardly.
Irregular. A flower in which one or more of

the organs of the same series are unlike.
Labiate. Provided with a lip-like organ.
Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or segments.
Lanceolate. Considerably longer than broad,

tapering upward from the middle or below ;
lance-shaped.

Latex. The milky sap of certain plants.

Leaflet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf.

Legume. A simple dry fruit dehiscent along
both sutures.

Lenticular. Lens-shaped.

Ligulate. Provided with or resembling a ligule.

Ligule. A strap-shaped organ, as the rays in
Compositae.

Limb. The expanded part of a petal, sepal, or
gamopetalous corolla.

Linear. Elongated and narrow with sides nearly
parallel.

Lineolate. With fine or obscure lines.

Lobed. Divided to about the middle.

Lament. A jointed legume, usually constricted
between the seeds.

Loculicidal. Applied to capsules which split
longitudinally into their cavities.

Lodicules. Minute hyaline scales subtending the
flower in grasses.

Lunate. Crescent-shaped.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe or
segment considerably larger than the others.

Macrosporange. Sporange containing macro-
spores.

Macrospore. The larger of two kinds of spores
borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a
female prothallium.

Marcescent. Withering but remaining attached.

Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or medulla.

Mericarp. One of the carpels of the Carrot
Family.

Mesocarp. The middle layer of a pericarp.

Micropyle. Orifice of the ovule, and correspond-
ing point on the seed.

Microsporange. Sporange containing micro-
spores.

Microspore. The smaller of two kinds of spore
borne by a plant, usually giving rise to a male
prothallium ; pollen-grain.

Midvein {Midrib). The central vein or rib of a
leaf or other organ.

Monadelphous. Stamens united by their fila-
ments.

Moniliform. Like a string of beads.

Monoecious. Bearing stamens and pistils on
the same plant, but in different flowers.

Monstrous. Unusual or deformed.

Mucronate. With a short sharp abrupt tip.

Mucronulate. Diminutive of mucronate.

Muricate. Roughened with short hard processes.

Muticous. Pointless, or blunt.

Naked. Lacking organs or parts which are nor-
mally present in related species or genera.

Naturalized. Plants not indigenous to the re-
gion, but so well established as to have become
part of the flora.

Nectary. A sugar-secreting organ.

Node. The junction of two internodes of a
stem or branch, often hard or swollen, at
which a leaf or leaves are usually borne.

Nodose. Similar to nodes or joints ; knotty.

Nodulose. Diminutive of nodose.

Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a
hard or bony pericarp.

Nutlet. Diminutive of nut.

Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Inverse of lanceolate.

Oblong. Longer than broad with the sides
nearly parallel, or somewhat curving.

Obovate. Inversely ovate.

Obovoid. Inversely ovoid.

Obsolete. Not evident ; gone, rudimentary, or
vestigial.

Obtuse. Blunt, or rounded.

Ochreae. The sheathing united stipules of Poly-
gonaceae.

Ochreolae. The ochreae subtending flowers in
the Polygonaceae.

Ochroleucous. Yellowish white.

XX

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

VOL. I.

Oosphere. The cell of the archegone which is
fertilized by spermatozoids.

Operculate. With an operculum.

Operculum. A lid.

Orbicular. Approximately circular in outline.

Orthotropous. Term applied to the straight
ovule, having the hilum at one end and the
micropyle at the other.

Ovary. The ovule-bearing part of the pistil.

Ovate. In outline like a longitudinal section of
a hen's egg.

Ovoid. Shaped like a hen's egg.

Ovule. The macrosporange of flowering plants,
becoming the seed on maturing.

Palate. The projection from the lower lip of
two-lipped personate corollas.

Palet. A bract-like organ enclosing or subtend-
ing the flower in grasses.

Palmate. Diverging radiately like the fingers.

Pandurate ; Panduriform. Fiddle-shaped.

Panicle. A compound flower cluster of the
racemose type, or cluster of sporanges.

Paniculate. Borne in panicles or resembling a
panicle.

Papilionaceous. Term applied to the irregular
flower of the Pea Family.

Papillose. With minute blunt projections.

Pappus. The bristles, awns, teeth, etc., sur-
mounting the achene in the Chicory and
Thistle Families.

Parasitic. Growing upon other plants and ab-
sorbing their juices.

Parietal. Borne along the wall of the ovary, or
pertaining to it.

Parted. Deeply cleft.

Pectinate. Comb-like.

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a flower-
cluster, or of a sporange.

Peduncle. Stalk of a flower, or a flower-cluster,
or a sporocarp.

Pedunculate. With a peduncle.

Peltate. Shield-shaped ; a flat organ with a
stalk on its lower surface.

Penicillate. With a tuft of hairs or hair-like
branches.

Perfect. Flowers with both stamens and pistils.

Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the stem as to
appear as if pierced by it.

Perianth. The modified floral leaves (sepals or
petals), regarded collectively.

Pericarp. The wall of the fruit, or seed-vessel.

Perigynium. The utricle enclosing the ovary or
achene in the genus Carex.

Perigynous. Borne on the perianth, around the
ovary.

Peripheral. Pertaining to the periphery.

Persistent. Organs remaining attached to those
bearing them after the growing period.

Petal. One of the leaves of the corolla.

Petaloid. Similar to petals ; petal-like.

Petiolate. With a petiole.

Petiole. The stalk of the leaf.

Phyllode. A bladeless petiole or rachis.

Phyllopodic. In Carex, with lower leaves of
the fertile culms normally blade-bearing.

Pilose. With long soft hairs.

Pinna. A primary division of a pinnately com-
pound leaf.

Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets or seg-
ments along a common axis.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the middle or
beyond.

Pinnule. A division of a pinna.

Pistil. The central organ of a flower containing
the macrosporanges (ovules).

Pistillate. With pistils ; and usually employed
in the sense of without stamens.

Placenta. An ovule-bearing surface.

Plicate. Folded into plaits, like a fan.

Plumose. Resembling a plume or feather.

Plumule. The rudimentary terminal bud of the
embryo.

Pollen. Pollen-grain. Contents of the anther.
See Microspore.

Pollinia. The pollen-masses of the Orchid and
Milkweed Families.

Polygamous. Bearing both perfect and imper-
fect flowers.

Polypetalous. With separate petals.

Pome. The fleshy fruit of the Apple -Family.

Procumbent. Trailing or lying on the ground.

Prophylla. Bractlets.

Prothallium. The sexual generation of Pteri-
dophyta.

Puberulent. With very short hairs.

Pubescent. With hairs.

Punctate. With translucent dots or pits.

Pungent. With a sharp stiff tip.

Pyriform. Pear-shaped.

Raceme. An elongated determinate flower-
cluster with each flower pedicelled.

Racemose. In racemes, or resembling a raceme.

Rachilla. The axis of the spikelet in grasses.

Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf, or of a
spike or raceme.

Radiant. With the marginal flowers enlarged
and ray-like.

Radiate. With ray-flowers ; radiating.

Radicle. The rudimentary stem of the embryo ;
hypocotyl.

Radicular. Pertaining to the radicle or hypo-
cotyl.

Raphe (Rhaphe). The ridge connecting the hi-
lum and chalaza of an anatropous or amphi-
tropous ovule ; the ridge on the sporocarp of
Marsilea.

Ray. One of the peduncles or branches of an um-
bel ; the flat marginal flowers in Compositae.

Receptacle. The end of the flower stalk, bear-
ing the floral organs, or, in Compositae, the
flowers ; also, in some ferns, an axis bearing
sporanges.

Virgate. Wand-like.

Recurved. Curved backward.

Refle.red. Bent backward abruptly.

Regular. Having the members of each part alike
in size and shape.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Repand. With a somewhat wavy margin.

Reticulate. Arranged as a network.

Retrorse. Turned backward or downward.

Refuse. With a shallow notch at the end.

Revolute. Rolled backward.

Rhachis. See Rachis.

Rhizome. See Rootstock.

Ringent. The gaping mouth of a two-lipped
corolla.

Rootstock. A subterranean stem, or part of one.

Rostellum. Beak of the style in Orchids.

Rostrate. With a beak.

Rosulate. Like a rosette.

Rotate. With a flat round corolla-limb.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Runcinate. Sharply pinnatifid, or incised, the
lobes or segments turned backward.

Sac. A pouch, especially the cavities of anthers.

Saccate. With a pouch or sac.

Sagittate. Like an arrow-head, with the lobes
turned downward.

Samara. A simple indehiscent winged fruit.

Saprophyte. A plant which grows on dead
organic matter.

Scabrous. Rough.

Scale. A minute, rudimentary or vestigial leaf.

Scape. A leafless or nearly leafless stem or pe-
duncle, arising from a subterranean part of a
plant, bearing a flower or flower-cluster.

Scapose. Having scapes, or resembling a scape.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, not green.

Scorpioid. Coiled up in the bud, unrolling in
growth.

Secund. Borne along one side of an axis.

Segment. A division of a leaf or fruit.

Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx.

VOL. I.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Septate. Provided with partitions.

Septicidal. A capsule which splits longitudi-
nally into and through its dissepiments.

Serrate. With teeth projecting forward.

Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate ; serrate with
small teeth.

F'isile. Without a stalk.

Setaceous. Bristle-like.

Setose. Bristly.

Silicle. A silique much longer than wide.

Silique. An elongated two-valved capsular fruit,
with two parietal placentae, usually dehiscent.

Sinuate. With strongly wavy margins.

Sinuous. In form like the path of a snake.

Sinus. The space between the lobes of a leaf.

Sorus (Sori). A group or cluster of sporanges.

Spadiceous. Like or pertaining to a spadix.

Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers.

Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe.

Spathe. A bract, usually more or less concave,
subtending a spadix.

Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula ; spoon-shaped.

Spermatozoids. Cells developed in the antherid,
for the fertilization of the oosphere.

Spicate. Arranged in a spike; like a spike.

Spike. An elongated flower cluster or cluster of
sporanges, with sessile or nearly sessile flow-
ers or sporanges.

Spikelet. Diminutive of spike ; especially ap-
plied to flower-clusters of grasses and sedges.

Spinose. With spines or similar to spines.

Spinule. A small sharp projection.

Spinulose. With small sharp processes or spines.

Sporange. A sac containing spores.

Spore. An asexual vegetative cell.

Sporocarp. Organ containing sporanges or sori.

Sporophyte. The asexual generation of plants.

Spreading. Diverging nearly at right angles ;
nearly prostrate.

Spur. A hollow projection from a floral organ.

Squarrose. With spreading or projecting parts.

Stamen. The organ of a flower which bears the
microspores (pollen-grains).

Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or other organ
in the position of a stamen.

Standard. The upper, usually broad, petal of a
papilionaceous corolla.

Stellate. Star-like.

Sterigmata. The projections from twigs, bear-
ing the leaves in some genera of Pinaceae.

Sterile. Without spores, or without seed.

Stigma. The summit or side of the pistil to
which pollen-grains become attached.

Stipe. The stalk of an organ.

Stipitate. Provided with a stipe.

Stipules. Appendages to the base of a petiole,
often adnate to it.

Stipulate. With stipules.

Stolon. A basal branch rooting at the nodes.

Stoloniferous. Producing or bearing stolons.

Stoma (Stomata). The transpiring orifices in
the epidermis of plants.

Strict. Straight and erect.

Strigose. With appressed or ascending stiff
hairs.

Strophiole. An appendage to a seed at the hilum.

Strophiolate. With a Strophiole.

Style. The narrowed top of the ovary.

Stylopodium. The expanded base of a style.

Subacute. Somewhat acute.

Subcordate. Somewhat heart-shaped.

Subcoriaceous. Approaching leathery in texture.

Subfalcate. Somewhat scythe-shaped.

Subligneous. Somewhat woody in texture.

Subterete. Nearly terete.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Subversatile. Partly or imperfectly versatile.

Succulent. Soft and juicy.

Sulcate. Grooved longitudinally.

Superior. Applied to the ovary when free from
the calyx ; or to a calyx adnate to an ovary.

Suture. A line of splitting or opening.

Symmetrical. Applied to a flower with its parts
of equal numbers.

Syncarp. A fleshy multiple or aggregate fruit.

Tendril. A slender coiling organ.

Terete. Circular in cross section.

Ternate. Divided into three segments, or ar-
ranged in threes.

Tetradynamous. With four long stamens and
two shorter ones.

Thallus. A usually flat vegetative 'organ with-
out differentiation into stem and leaves.

Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus.

Thyrsus. A compact panicle.

Tomentose. Covered with tomentum.

Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomentose.

Tomentum. Dense matted wool-like hairs.

Torsion. Twisting of an organ.

Tortuous. Twisted or bent.

Tracheae. The canals or ducts in woody tissue.

Tracheids. Wood-cells.

Triandrous. With three stamens.

Tricarpous. Composed of three carpels.

Trimorphous. Flowers with stamens of three
different lengths or kinds ; in three forms.

Triquetrous. Three-sided, the sides channeled.

Truncate. Terminated by a nearly straight
edge or surface.

Tuber. A thick short underground branch or
part of a branch.

Tubercle. The persistent base of the style in
some Cyperaceae ; a small tuber.

Tuberculate. With rounded projections.

Turbinate. Top-shaped.

Uliginous. Inhabiting mud.

Umbel. A determinate, usually convex flower-
cluster, with all the pedicels arising from the
same point.

Umbellate. Borne in umbels ; resembling an
umbel.

Umbellet. A secondary umbel.

Umbelloid. Similar to an umbel.

Uncinate. Hooked, or in form like a hook.

Undulate. With wavy margins.

Urceolate. Urn-shaped.

Utricle. A bladder-like organ ; a one-seeded
fruit with a loose pericarp.

Valvate. Meeting by the margins in the bud,
not overlapping ; dehiscent by valves.

Vascular. Relating to ducts or vessels.

Vein. One of the branches of the woody por-
tion of leaves or other organs.

Veinlet. A branch of a vein.

Velum. A fold of the inner side of the leaf-
base in Isoetes.

Velutinous. Velvety ; with dense fine pubes-
cence.

Venation. The arrangement of veins.

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the
bud.

Versatile. An anther attached at or near its
middle to the filament.

Verticillate. With three or more leaves or
branches at a node ; whorled.

Vestigial. In the nature of a vestige or rem-
nant.

Villous. With long soft hairs, not matted
together.

Whorl. A group of three similar organs or
more, radiating from a node. Verticil.

Whorled. See Verticillate.

Winged. With a thin expansion or expansions.

GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES

Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. i: 1-54.

SPORES DEVELOPING INTO FLAT OR IRREGULAR PROTHALLIA, WHICH BEAR THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
(ANTHERIDIA AND ARCHEGONIA) ; FLOWERS AND SEEDS NONE.

1. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles, or

in special conceptacles. Order i. FILICALES.

* Spores all of one sort and size (isosporous families).

t Vernation erect or inclined ; sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse slit.

Fam. i. Ophioglossaceae. l:i.

tt Vernation coiled; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus).
Sporanges opening vertically.

Sporanges panicled, with a rudimentary ring; marsh ferns. Fam. 2. Osmundaceae. i : 7.

Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle ; leaves filmy, translucent.

Fam. 3. Hymenophyllaceae. i : 8.

Sporanges ovoid, in panicles, or spikes, provided with an apical ring. Fam. 4. Schisaeaceae. 1:9.

Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring ; borne in sori on the back or margin

of a leaf. Fam. 5. Polypodiaceac. 1:19.

** Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores).

Plants rooting in the mud ; leaves 4-foliolate, or filiform. Fam. 6. Marsileaceae. i : 36.

Plants floating ; leaves entire, or 2-lobed. Fam. 7. Salviniaceae. I : 37.

2. Spores produced in sporanges, which are clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-

like spike; stems jointed, rush-like.

Order 2. EQUISETALES.
One family.

Fam. 8. Equisetaceae. i : 38.
3. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves.

Order 3. LYCOPODIALES.

Spores all of one sort and size. Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae. i : 42.

Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores).

Leaves scale-like, 4-many-ranked, on branching stems. Fam. 10. Selaginellaceae. i : 48.

Leaves tubular, clustered on a corm-like trunk ; aquatic or mud plants.

Fam. ii. Isoetaceae. i : 50.

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. i: 55.

MICROSPORES (POLLEN-GRAINS) DEVELOPING INTO A TUBULAR PROTHALLIUM (POLLEN-TUBE) ; MACRO-
SPORES (EMBRYO-SAC) DEVELOPING A MINUTE PROTHALLIUM, AND, TOGETHER WITH IT,
REMAINING ENCLOSED IN THE MACROSPORANGE (OVULE) WHICH RIPENS INTO A SEED.

Class i. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. i : 55-68.

Fruit a cone, with several or numerous scales, sometimes berry-like by their cohesion.

Fam. i. Pinaceae. 1:55.
Fruit (in our genus) a fleshy integument nearly enclosing the seed. Fam. 2. Taxaceae. i : 67.

Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. i : 68.

Subclass i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. i : 68

EMBRYO WITH i COTYLEDON ; STEM WITH NO DISTINCTION INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK; LEAVES MOSTLY

PARALLEL-VEINED.

i. Carpels i, or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Family 6, Scheuchzeriaceae, where

they are mostly united until maturity, and Family 8, Vallisneriaceae, aquatic herbs,

with monoecious or dioecious flowers) ; parts of the flowers mosty unequal in number.

* Inflorescence various, not a true spadix.

t Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes) ; our species aquatic or marsh plants,
t Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales ; flowers monoecious, spicate or

capitate.

Order i. PANDANALES.

Flowers spicate, the spikes terminal. Fam. i. Typhaceae. i : 68.

Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts. Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. i : 69. .

t J Endosperm none, or very little ; perianth corolla-like, or herbaceous, or none.
Perianth wanting, or rudimentary. Order 2. NAIADALES.

Carpels distinct ; stigmas disk-like or cup-like. Fam. 3. Zannichelliaceae. i : 74.

Carpels united ; stigmas slender.

Flowers axillary ; leaves spinose-dentate. Fam 4. Naiadaceae. i : 89.

Flowers on a spadix ; leaves grass-like. Fam. 5. Zosteraceae. i : 90.

Perianth present, of 2 series of parts.

xxii

VOL. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xxiii

Carpels distinct. Order 3. ALISMALES.

Petals similar to the sepals; anthers mostly elongated. Fam. 6. Scheuchzeriaceae. 1:91.

Petals not similar to the sepals ; anthers short. Fam. 7. Alismaceae. i : 93.

Carpels united. Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES.

Ovary i -celled with parietal placentae. Fam. 8. Vallisneriaceqe. 1:104.

Ovary 6-9-celled. Fam. 9. Hydrocharitaceae. i : 106.
tt Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes), arranged in spikes or spikelets.

Orders. GRAMINALES (Glumiflorae).

Fruit a caryopsis (grain) ; stems (culms) mostly hollow in our species. Fam. 10. Gramineae. i : 107.
Fruit an achene ; stems (culms) solid. Fam. n. Cyperaceae. i : 295.

(Order 6, PALMALES, including only the family Palmaceae, Palms, and Order 7, CYCLANTHALES,
including only the family Cyclanthaceae, are not represented in our territory.)

** Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe ; or plants minute, floating free, the flowers few or
solitary on the margin or back of the thallus.

OrderS. ARALES (Spathiflorae).

Large herbs, with normal foliage and well-developed spadix. Fain. 12. Araceae. i : 441.

Minute floating thalloid plants. Fam. 13. Lemnaceae. 1:446.

2. Carpels united into a compound ovary; parts of the usually complete flowers mostly in s's or 6s.

* Seeds with endosperm.

t Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Commclina and Pontederia).
% Endosperm mealy ; ovary superior.

Order 9. XYRIDALES (Farinosae).
a. Ovary i -celled.

Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs; flowers solitary. Fam. 14. Mayacaceae. i : 450.

Erect rush-like herbs; flowers in terminal scaly heads or spikes. Fam. 15. Xyridaceae. 1 : 450.

Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowers subtended by spathes (Heteranthera in Pontederiaceae 1 : 462).

b. Ovary 2-3-celled (except in some Pontederiaceae).

Flowers very small, densely capitate, monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 16. Eriocaulaceae. i : 453.
Flowers perfect.

Epiphytes ; leaves scurfy. Fam. 17. Bromeliaceae. 1:456.

Terrestrial or aquatic herbs ; leaves not scurfy.

Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) colored.

Fam. 1 8. Commelinaceac. i : 457.

Perianth 6-parted. Fam. 19. Pontederiaceae. i : 462.

$J Endosperm fleshy or horny; ovary superior or inferior.

Order 10. LILIALES.
a. Ovary superior (except in Aletris, in the Liliaceae, and some species of Zygadenus in the

Melanthaceae).

Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like ; herbs with grass-like leaves and small
flowers. Fam. 20. Juncaceae. i : 465.

Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least the inner petal-like.

Fruit a capsule (except in Yucca baccata, where it is 'large, fleshy and indehiscent).

Capsule mostly septicidal ; plants rarely bulbous. Fam. 21. Melanthaceae. 1:485.

Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Calochortus) ; plants mostly bulbous.

Fam. 22. Liliaceae. i : 495.

Fruit a fleshy berry (except in Uvularia of the Convallariaceae).
Erect herbs ; tendrils none ; flowers perfect.

Leaves basal or alternate. Fam. 23. Convallariaceae. 1:513.

Leaves verticillate. Fam. 24. Trilliaceae. i : 522.

Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect ; flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels.

Fam. 25. Smilaceae. i : 526.

b. Ovary inferior, wholly or in part.

Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments. Fam. 26. Haemodoraceae. \ : 530.
Stamens 6 in our species.

Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 27. Amaryllidaceae. 1:531.

Twining vines ; flowers dioecious. Fam. 28. Dioscoraceae. i : 535.

Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 29. Iridaceae. i : 536.
tt Flowers very irregular; ovary inferior.

Order 1 1. SCITAMINALES.

One family represented in our territory. Fam. 30. Marantaceae. i : 546.
** Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute ; ovary inferior.

Order. 12. ORCHIDALES (Microspermae).

Flowers regular; stem-leaves reduced to scales. Fam. 31. Burmanniaceae. i : 546.

Flowers very irregular. Fam. 32. Orchidaceae. i : 547.

Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. i : 577.

EMBRYO NORMALLY WITH 2 COTYLEDONES; STEMS MOSTLY DIFFERENTIATED INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK ;

LEAVES MOSTLY NET-VEINED.
Series i. CHORIPETALAE. i : 577 to 2 : 666.

Petals distinct to the base, or wanting (exceptions noted Vol. 1 : 577).

A. Petals none, except in Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae, which are herbs with leaves
nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm, and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts
(Juglans).

i. Calyx none (except in the Juglandaceae, which are trees with odd-pinnate leaves).
Marsh herbs with perfect flowers in nodding spikes. Order i. PIPERALES.

xxiv GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. VOL. I.

One family only.

Fam. i. Saururaceae. i : 577.
Trees or shrubs; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments.

Leaves odd-pinnate; fruit a nut enclosed in a husk. Order 2. JUGLANDALES.

One family only.

Fam. 2. Juglandaceae. i : 578.
Leaves simple.

Fruit i-seeded. Orders. MYRICALES.

Ovule erect, orthotropous. Fam. 3. Myricaceae. i : 584.

Ovule laterally attached, ascending, amphitropous. Fam. 4. Leitneriaceae. i : 586.

Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. Order 4. SALICALES.

One family only.

Fam. 5. Salicaceae. i : 587.
2. Calyx present.
* Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments.

Order 5. FAGALES.

Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. 6. Betulaceae. i : 605.

Pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or a cup in fruit.

Fam. 7. Fagaceae. 1:614.
** Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus), but variously clustered, rarely solitary.

a. Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in Ulmus) ;
ovary superior, i -celled.

Order 6. URTICALES.
Fruit not an achene ; trees, shrubs or herbs ; ovule pendulous.

Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. 8. Ulmaceae. i : 625.

Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap. Fam. 9. Moraceae. i : 630.

Fruit an achene ; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers.

Ovule pendulous; styles or stigmas 2. Fam. 10. Cannabinaceae. i : 633.

Ovule erect or ascending; s-tyle or stigma i. Fam. n. Urticaceae. i : 634.

(Order 7, PROTEALES, extensively developed in the southern hemisphere, is not represented in
our area.)

b. Flowers dioecious, or perfect ; ovary inferior, at least in part.

Ovary i-celled. Order 8. SANTALALES.

Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales; fruit a berry. Fam. 12. Loranthaceae. i : 638.
Root-parasites, or shrubs ; leaves alternate in our genera ; fruit a drupe, or nut.

Fam. 13. Santalaceae. i : 639.

Ovary several- (usually 6-) celled; flowers perfect. Order 9. ARISTOLOCHIALES.

One family in our area.

Fam. 14. Aristolochiaceae. I : 641.

C. Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species of Rumex in Polygonaceae,

monoecious or dioecious in some Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae) ; ovary superior.

t Embryo straight, or nearly so ; fruit an achene.

Order 10. POLYGONALES.
One family.

Fam. 15. Polygonaceae. i : 646.
tt Embryo coiled, curved, or annular ; fruit not an achene.

Order ii. CHENOPODIALES (Centrospermae).
Fruit a utricle ; stipules none

Bracts and sepals scarious. Fam. 16. Amaranthaceae. 2:1.

Bracts none, or not scarious. Fam. 17. Chenopodiaceae. 2: 8.

Fruit a berry in our genus. Fam. 18. Phytolaccaceae.

Fruit a utricle ; stipules present (except in Scleranthus which has subulate, opposite connate leav

Fam. 19. Corrigiolaceae.

Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like calyx enclosing a utricle.

Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth.

Fam. 20. Nyctaginaceae.

Capsule 2-several-celled ; petals none. Fam. 21. Aizoaceae. 2
Capsule i -celled; petals mostly present.

Sepals 2. Fam. 22. Portulacaceae. 2
Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united.

Sepals distinct ; ovary sessile. Fam. 23. Alsinaceae. z

Sepals united ; ovary stipitate. Fam. 24. Caryophyllaceae. 2

25-
es).
26.

30.
34-
35-

4i.

61.

B. Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae aquatic herbs with whorled dissected leaves; in
many Ranunculaceae ; in Calycocarpum a dioecious vine of the Menispermaceae ; in Laura-
ceae alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs ; in Podostemaceae aquatic herbs, the
simple flowers involucrate ; in Liquidambar a tree with palmately-lobed leaves and capitate
flowers of the Hamamelidaceae in Sanguisorba herbs with pinnate leaves of the Rosaceae ;
in Xanthoxylum trees with pinnate leaves of the Rutaceae ; in Euphorbiaceae ; in Callitrich-
aceae, Empetraceae and Buxaceae ; in some of the Aceraceae and Rhamnaceae ; in Thymele-
aceae, Elaeagnaceae, and in some species of Ludwigia in Onagraceae and of Nyssa in Cor-
naceae).

I. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some Saxifragaceae,
in Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Malaceae and Loasaceae).

i. Carpels solitary, or several or distinct (united in Nymphaeaceae) ; stamens mostly hypogynous
and more numerous than the sepals; sepals mostly distinct. Order 12. RANALES.

* Aquatic herbs; floating leaves if present, peltate, or with a basal sinus.
Pistil i ; petals none ; leaves whorled, dissected. Fam. 25. Ceratophyllaceae. 2 : 75.

VOL. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xxv

Carpels 3 or more ; petals large ; floating leaves not dissected.
Carpels distinct.

Carpels not in a receptacle. Fam. 26. Cabombaceae. 2 : 75.

Carpels in a fleshy receptacle. Fam. 27. Nelumbonaceae. 2 : 76.

Carpels united into a compound ovary. Fam. 28. Nymphaeaceae. 2:77.

** Land or marsh plants (some Ranunculaceae aquatic).

Stamens numerous; sepals distinct; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in Calyco-

carpum of the Menispermaceae).
Receptacle not hollow; leaves alternate (except in Clematis).

Flowers perfect (except in some species of Clematis and Thaiictrum).

Fruit aggregate, cone-like ; trees ; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of, 3.

Fam. 29. Magnoliaceae. 2 : 80.

Fruit not aggregate, the carpels separate, at least when mature.
Anthers not opening by valves ; pistils usually more than i.

Sepals 3 ; petals 6 ; shrubs or trees. Fam. 30. Annonaceae. 2 : 83.

Sepals 3-15; petals (when present) about as many; our species herbs or vines
(Xanthorrhiza shrubby). Fam. 31. Ranunculaceae. 2:84.

Anthers opening by valves (except in Podophyllum) ; pistil i.

Fam. 32. Berberidaceae. 2: 126.
Dioecious climbing vines with simple leaves ; fruit drupaceous.

Fam. 33. Menispermaceae. 2: 130.
Receptacle hollow, enclosing the numerous pistils and achenes ; opposite-leaved shrubs.

Fam. 34. Calycanthaceae. 2:132.

Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3 ; anthers opening by valves; aromatic trees or shrubs with no
petals, more or less united sepals, and i pistil. Fam. 35. Lauraceae. 2 : 133.

2. Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary; stamens hypogynous; sepals mostly distinct.

* Plants not insectivorous.

Order 13. PAPAVERALES (Rhoeadales).
Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy.

Flowers regular; stamens 8-many. Fam. 36. Papaveraceae. 2: 136.

Flowers irregular; stamens 6. Fam. 37. Fumariaceae. 2: 141.

Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8 ; endosperm none.

Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-valved, rarely indehiscent ; sepals and
petals 4. Fam. 38. Cruciferae. 2:146.

Capsule i -celled, of 2-6 carpels.

Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregular ; capsule of 2 carpels, 2-valved.

Fam. 39. Capparidaceae. 2: 196.
Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular; capsule of 3-6 carpels, 3-6-valved at the top ; disk large.

Fam. 40. Resedaceae. 2: 199.

** Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scapose flowers.

Order 14. SARRACENIALES.

Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves hollow. Fam. 41. Sarraceniaceae. 2:201.

Ovary i -celled ; leaves circinate in unfolding, the blade flat. Fam. 42. Droseraceae. 2 : 202.

3. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united; stamens mostly perigynous or

epigynous ; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Order 1 5. ROSALES.
* Small aquatic fleshy herbs, with a spathe-like involucre, and a 2-$-celled capsule ; perianth none.

Fam. 43. Podostemaceae. 2 : 205.

** Land or rarely swamp plants without an involucre.

t Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy.

Herbaceous plants.

Carpels as many as the sepals.

Carpels distinct, or united below, longitudinally dehiscent ; succulent plants.

Fam. 44. Crassulaceae. 2 : 205.
Carpels united to the midlde, circumscissile ; plants not succulent.

Fam. 45. Penthoraceae. 2:211.
Carpels fewer than the sepals.

Carpels 3 or 4, united into a i-celled ovary ; staminodia present.

Fam. 46. Parnassiaceae. 2:211.
Carpels mostly 2, distinct, or only partly united ; no staminodia.

Fam. 47. Saxifragaceae. 2:214.
Shrubs or trees.

Leaves opposite. Fam. 48. Hydrangeaceae. 2 : 230.

Leaves alternate.

Fruit a 2-s-celled capsule.

Capsule thin-walled, almost free from the calyx-tube (hypanthium).

Fam. 49. Iteaceae. 2 : 233.
Capsule woody, or thick-walled, adnate to the calyx-tube.

Ovule solitary, suspended; calyx-limb or calyx-limb and petals present.

Fam. 50. Hamamelidaceae. 2 : 234.

Ovules several or numerous ; no calyx-limb nor petals. Fam. 51. Altingiaceae. 2 : 235.
Fruit a i -celled berry. Fam. 52. Grossulariaceae. 2:236.

tt Endosperm none, or very little (copious in Opulaster, shrubs of the Rosaceae).

t Trees with broad leaves and small monoecious capitate flowers.

Fam. 53. Platanaceae. 2:242.

tt Flowers perfect (dioecious in Aruncus and in species of Fragaria of the Rosaceae ; in Gleditsia
and Gymnocladus of the Caesalpiniaceae, and rarely in some Fabaceae).

xxvi GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. VOL. I.

a. Flowers regular.
Pistils usually several or numerous (one only in Cercocarpus and some species of Alchemilla and

Aphanes ; in Sanguisorba, Poteridiuin and Poteriuni).
Carpels distinct, sometimes adnate to the calyx, ripening into follicles or achenes.

Fain. 54. Rosaceae. 2 : 242.
Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and adnate to it, the fruit a pome.

Fam. 55. Malaceae. 2 : 286.
Pistil only i.

Ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple. Fam. 56. Amygdalaceae. 2 : 322.

Ovary several-ovulcd ; fruit a legume; leaves 2-3-pinnate. Fam. 57. Mimosaceae. 2: 330.

b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gymnocladus.
trees of the Caesalpiniaceae).

Fruit a legume ; upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud ; leaves compound, mostly
stipulate. Fam. 58. Caesalpiniaceae. 2 : 334.

Fruit spiny, indehiscent; leaves simple, exstipulate. Fam. 59. Krameriaceae. 2 : 340.

Fruit a legume or loment ; upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud ; leaves compound
(sometimes i-foliolate), stipulate. Fam. 60. Fabaceae. 2:341.

4. Carpels united into a compound ovary; sepals mostly distinct.

* Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the sepals.

t Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer, and opposite them, or more numerous.
J Ovules mostly pendulous, with the raphe toward the axis of the ovary.

Order 16. GERANIALES.
Stamens more than one ; land plants.

Filaments partially united (distinct in some Geraniaceae) ; herbs, the leaves not punctate.
Leaves not pinnately compound.

Capsule at length splitting into its 5 carpels ; leaves lobed or dissected.

Fam. 61. Geraniaceae. 2:425.
Capsule 2-s-celled, not splitting into its carpels.

Stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals ; leaves 3-foliolate in our species.

Fam. 62. Oxalidaceae. 2 : 430.

Stamens as many as the petals; leaves entire. Fam. 63. Linaceae. 2: 435.

Leaves pinnately compound. Fam. 66. Zygophyllaceae. 2 : 442.

Filaments distinct (united in some Balsaminaceae).

Flowers very irregular ; calyx with a spurred or saccate sepal.

Fam. 64. Balsaminaceae. 2 : 440.
Flowers regular ;

Herbaceous plants with pinnately divided leaves. Fam. 65. LIMNANTHACEAE. 2 : 441.

Our species trees or shrubs with compound leaves, often punctate ; flowers dioecious or

polygamous.

Leaves punctate. Fam. 67. Rutaceae. 2 : 443.

Leaves not punctate, but the bitter bark with oil-sacs.

Fam. 68. Simaroubaceae. 2 : 445.
Flowers very irregular; petals 3; stamens usually 8; ours low herbs.

Fam. 69. Polygalaceae. 2 : 446.

Flowers regular, often apetalous, small, monoecious or dioecious ; carpels mostly 3 ; herbs or

low shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Fam. 70. Euphorbiaceae. 2 : 452.

Stamen only i ; perianth none ; styles 2 ; small aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants with opposite

entire leaves. Fam. 71. Callitrichaceae. 2:477.

tt Ovules pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending.

Order 1 7. SAPINDALES.
Petals none (or 3 in Empetrum) ; flowers monoecious or dioecious; leaves evergreen.

Stamens mostly 3 ; low heath-like shrubs. Fam. 72. Empetraceae. 2 : 478.

Stamens 4-7 ; our species an herb with broad leaves and spiked flowers.

Fam. 73. Buxaceae. 2 : 480.
Petals present ; leaves deciduous, except in Cyrillaceae and some Ilicaceae.

Ovary i-celled (in ours) ; fruit a small drupe. Fam. 74. Anacardiaceae. 2 : 480.

Ovary 2-several-celled.

Leaves simple, pinnately veined.
Seeds not arilled.

Fruit dry; flowers racemed, perfect. Fam. 75. Cyrillaceae. 2: 485.

Fruit a small drupe ; flowers not racemed, mostly polygamo-dioecious ; ovules pedulous.

Fam. 76. Ilicaceae. 2 : 486.

Seeds arilled; ovules erect; capsule fleshy. Fam. 77. Celastraceae. 2: 490.

Leaves simple and palmately veined, or compound.
Leaves opposite.

Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule. Fam. 78. Staphyleaceae. 2 : 493.

Fruit of 2 winged samaras. Fam. 79. Aceraceae. 2 : 494.

Fruit a leathery capsule; flowers irregular; leaves digitately compound.

Fam. 80. Aesculaceae. 2 : 498.
Leaves alternate ; fruit various. Fam. 81. Sapindaceae. 2:500.

tt Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the petals when
these are present ; ovules erect.

Order 18. RHAMNALES.
Shrubs, small trees, or vines; petals 4 or 5, or none; fruit a drupe or capsule.

Fam. 82. Rhamnaceae. 2:501.
Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs ; petals caducous ; fruit a berry.

Fam. 83. Vitaceac. 2 : 505.

VOL. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xxvii

** Stamens usually very numerous (except in some Hypericaceae, in Elatinaceae, Violaceae and
Passifloraceae) ; disk inconspicuous or none.

t Sepals valvate; placentae united in the axis. Order 19. MALVALES.

Stamens in several sets; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight. Fam. 84. Tiliaceae. 2: 511.

Stamens monadelphous ; anthers i-celled; embryo curved. Fam. 85. Malvaceae. 2:513.

tt Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasaceae, in which the calyx-tube
is adnate to the ovary) ; placentae mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis.

Order 20. HYPERICALES (Parietales).
Sepals distinct, mostly persistent.
Endosperm little or none.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and large solitary axillary flowers.

Fam. 86. Theaceae. 2 : 526.
Herbs or low shrubs with opposite, rarely verticillate leaves.

Leaves punctate or black-dotted, exstipulate. ' Fam. 87. Hypericaceae. 2 : 527.

Leaves stipulate ; minute or small marsh or aquatic herbs with axillary flowers.

Fam. 88. Elatinaceae. 2 : 537.
Endosperm copious.

Flowers regular, but the 2 outer sepals smaller; stamens numerous; ovules orthotropous.

Fam. 89. Cistaceae. 2 : 539.
Flowers irregular, some often cleistogamous ; stamens 5 ; ovules anatropous.

Fam. 90. Violaceae. 2 : 545.
Sepals more or less united into a gamosepalous calyx.

A fringed crown in the throat of the calyx ; our species vines ; stamens 5 ; ovary free from
the calyx. Fam. 91. Passifloraceae. 2:564.

No crown ; our species herbs ; stamens numerous ; ovary adnate to the calyx.

Fam. 92. Loasaceae. 2 : 565.

II. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly, or in part (except in Lythraceae and our Melasto-

maceae, where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae and Elaeagnaceae,

which are shrubs or trees, with no corolla).

1. Fleshy spiny plants, often with jointed stems, the leaves very small in our species, or none;

calyx-segments and petals mostly numerous.

Order 21. OPUNTIALES.
One family.

Fam. 93. Cactaceae. 2 : 568.

2. Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny ; calyx-segments and petals (when present) rarely

more than 5.

Petals none in our species; shrubs or trees; ovary i-ovuled. Order 22. THYMELEALES.

Leaves green ; seed pendulous. Fam. 94. Thymeleaceae. 2:574.

Leaves silvery-scurfy ; seed erect. Fam. 95. Elaeagnaceae. 2:575.

Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, which are small aquatic herbs).

Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Haloragidaceae and Trap-
aceae). Order 23. MYRTALES (Myrti florae).

Land or marsh plants, or, if aquatic, submerged leaves not dissected.

Calyx-tube merely enclosing the ovary, but free from it (except at the base).

Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. 96. Lythraceae. 2

Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Fam. 97. Melastomaceae. 2

577-
582.
584-

Calyx-tube almost wholly adnate to the ovary. Fam. 98. Onagraceae. 2

Aquatic or amphibious herbs, the submerged leaves dissected (except in Hippuris, which

has whorled narrow leaves and only i stamen.
Petioles of the broad floating leaves inflated ; flowers rather large, white.

Fam. 99. Trapaceae. 2 : 61 1.

Leaves most sessile ; petioles, if present, not inflated ; flowers small, greenish ; seeds
with i coat. Fam. 100. Haloragidaceae. 2:612.

Ovules i in each cavity of the ovary. Order 24. UMBELLALES (U ' mbelliflorae) .

Stamens 5 ; styles 2-5, rarely united ; flowers umbellate or capitate.

Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 101. Araliaceae. 2: 616.

Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 102. Ammiaceae. 2: 619.

Stamens 4 ; style i ; stigma i ; shrubs and trees ; flowers not umbellate.

Fam. 103. Cornaceae. 2:660.
Series 2. GAMOPETALAE.

2 : 666 to 3: 560.
Petals more of less united. (See exceptions noted on page 666, Vol. 2.)

A. Ovary superior (except in Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is partly or wholly

inferior).

I. Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of the corolla
in Diapensia and Pyxidanthera of the Diapensiaceae), as many as the lobes and

alternate with them, or twice as many. Order i. ERICALES.

Stamens free from the corolla, or merely adnate to its base, not united into a tube.
Ovary superior ; fruit a capsule, or rarely drupaceous.
Corolla essentially polypetalous.

Ovary 3-celled ; shrubs; leaves deciduous. Fam. i. Clethraceae. 2: 666.

Ovary 4-s-celled ; low, mostly evergreen perennials. Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae. 2 : 667.

Corolla distinctly gamopetalous (except in Monotropa and Hypopitys of the Monotropaceae

and Ledum of the Ericaceae).

Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. Fam. 3. Monotropaceae. 2 : 673.

Shrubs with normal, often evergreen leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae. 2 : 675.

Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit.

Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae. 2:694.

xxviu GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. VOL. I.

Stamens borne at the sinuses of the corolla, or united in a lo-lobed tube.

Fam. 6. Diapensiaceae.

II. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as many, or more.
Herbs. Order 2. PRIMULALES.

Style i ; fruit a capsule. Fam. 7. Primulaceae. 2

Styles 5 ; fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 8. Plumbaginaceae. 2

Shrubs or trees. Order 3. EBENALES.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 9. Sapotaceae. 2
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more.

Styles 2-8; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 10. Ebenaceae. 2

70S-

707.
717.

719.
720.

Style i, simple or lobed ; flowers mostly perfect.

Stamens in several series. Fam. u. Symplocaceae. 2 711.

Stamens in i series. Fam. 12. Styracaceae. 2 711.

III. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with them (in our
species of Fraxinus and Forestiera of the Oleaceae there is no corolla).

* Corolla not scarious, nerved.

t Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae, in which

the ovary is compound, with 2 cavities, or rarely more, or with i cavity and 2

placentae) ; flowers regular ; stamens mostly adnate to only the

lower part of the corolla ; leaves mostly opposite.

Order 4. GENTIANALES (Contortae).

a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none; our species

trees or shrubs.

Fam. 13. Oleaceae. 2: 723.

b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes ; mostly herbs.
Stigmas distinct ; juice not milky ; ovary i, compound.

Ovary 2-celled ; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line.

Fam. 14. Loganiaceae. 2:729.
Ovary i-celled; leaves not stipulate.

Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate ; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud.

Fam. 15. Gentianaceae. 3: i.

Leaves basal or alternate ; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud ; marsh or aquatic
herbs. Fam. 16. Menyanthaceae. 3:17.

Stigmas united ; juice milky ; ovaries 2 in our species.

Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains. Fam. 17. Apocynaceae. 3: 19.

Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pollen-grains united into waxy masses.

Fam. 1 8. Asclepiadaceae. 3: 23.

tt Ovary i, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply

4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular ; stamens mostly adnate to

the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond ; leaves opposite or alternate.

Orders. POLEMONIALES (Tubiflorae).

a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae).
Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity.

Ovary 2-divided. Fam. 19. Dichondraceae. 3:39.

Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style i, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted ; mostly twining vines.
Leaves normal. Fam. 20. Colvolvulaceae. 3:40.

White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales.

Fam. 21. Cuscutaceae. 3:48.

Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3, linear ; herbs, not twining. Fam. 22 Polemoniaceae. 3 : 52.

Ovary i-celled (2-celled in Nama) ; style i, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs, not twining.

Fam. 23. Hydrophyllaceae. 3 : 65.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed (Heliotropium) ; carpels separating as nutlets.

Fam. 24. Boraginaceae. 3 : 72.

b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus of the
Labiatae, and nearly or quite so in Verbena and Callicarpa of the Verbenaceae).

i. Carpels i-2-seeded.

Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical ; carpels separating into i-seeded nutlets.

Fam. 25. Verbenaceae. 3:94.
Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into i-seeded nutlets. Fam. 26. Labiatae. 3 : 99.

2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae).

J Fruit a berry, or more commonly i capsule which is i-2-celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly

bursting, not elastically dehiscent.

Placentae axile.

Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3~5-celled.

Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia) ; fruit a berry or capsule.

Fam. 27. Solanaceae. 3: 154.
Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum) ; fruit a capsule.

Fam. 28. Scrophulariaceae. 3 : 1 72.
Ovary i -celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes.

Fam. 29. Lentibulariaceae. 3 : 225.
Placentae parietal.

Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green ; ovary
i-celled. Fam. 30. Orobanchaceae. 3 : 233.

Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal.

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds winged in our genera.

Fam. 31. Bignoniaceae. 3:236.

VOL. I. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xxix

Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule i-celled in our genus; seeds wingless.

Fam. 32. Martyniaceae. 3 : 239.

tt Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved herbs; placentae

axile.

Fam. 33. Acanthaceae. 3 : 239.

3. Ovary and fruit i-celled with i erect orthotropous ovule and seed; herb with spicate flowers

and reflexed fruits.

Fam. 34. Phrymaceae. 3 : 244.
** Corolla scarious, nerveless.

Order 6. PLANTAGINALES.
Herbs with small spicate or capitate flowers ; one family. Fam. 35. Plantaginaceac. 3 : 245.

B. Ovary inferior.
I. Anthers distinct.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Capri-
foliaceae), or twice as many; ovary compound, with i ovule or more in each cavity; leaves
opposite, or verticillate. Order 7. RUBIALES.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.

Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 36. Rubiaceae. 3 : 250.

Leaves usually exstipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 37. Caprifoliaceae. 3 : 267.

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes ; low herb with ternately divided leaves.

Fam. 38. Adoxaceae. 3 : 283.

Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes; ovary i-celled with i pendulous ovule, or 3-celled with

2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. VALERIANALES (Aggregatae).

Ovary 3-celled, 2 of its cavities empty. Fam. 39. Valerianaceae. 3 : 284.

Ovary i-celled; flowers densely capitate, involucrate. Fam. 40. Dipsacaceae. 3:288.

II. Anthers united (except in Campanula and Specularia of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae,

and in Kuhnia of the compositae). Order 9. CAMPANULALES (Campanulatae).

Flowers not in involucrate heads; juice mostly milky.

Endosperm none ; flowers monoecious or dioecious ; our species vines.

Fam. 41. Cucurbit aceae. 3:290.
Endosperm present, fleshy ; flowers perfect.

Flowers regular. Fam. 42. Campanulaceae. 3 : 293.

Flowers irregular. Fam. 43. Lobeliaceae. 3 : 299.

Flowers in involucrate heads.

Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice milky. Fam. 44. Cichoriaceae. 3 : 304.

Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays ; juice very rarely milky.

Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fam. 45. Ambrosiaceae. 3:338.

Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (except in Kuhnia).

Fam. 46. Compositae. 3 : 347.

ILLUSTRATED FLORA,

Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA.*

FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES.

Plants containing woody and vascular tissues in the stem and producing spores
asexually, which, on germination, develop small mostly flat green structures called
prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the sexual reproductive organs,
the female known as archegones, the male as antherids. From the fertilization
of the oosphere in the archegone by spermatozoids produced in the antherids, the
asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plants is developed; this phase is represented
by an ordinary fern, lycopod or horsetail.

This subkingdom comprises about 6,000 living species, of which more than three-fourths
are confined to tropical regions. The number of extinct species known probably exceeds
those living. They appeared on the earth in the early part of the Palaeozoic Era, reached
great abundance in Carboniferous Time, but have since been mainly replaced by plants of
higher organization, so that at present they form only a small proportion of the total flora.
The time of year noted under the species indicates the season at which the spores are mature.

Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl, Tent. Pterid. 6. 1836.
ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY.

Succulent plants consisting of a short fleshy rootstock bearing one or several
leaves and numerous fibrous often fleshy roots. Leaves erect or pendent, con-
sisting of a simple, palmately or dichotomously lobed, pinnately compound or
decompound, sessile or stalked, sterile blade, and one or several separate stalked
fertile spikes or panicles (sporophyls), borne on a common stalk. Sporanges
formed from the interior tissues, naked, each opening by a transverse slit. Spores
yellow, of one sort. Prothallia subterranean, usually devoid of chlorophyl and
associated with an endophytic mycorhiza.

Five genera, the following well represented in both hemispheres ; the others tropical.
Veins reticulate ; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. i. Ophioglossutn.

Veins free ; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. Botrychium.

i. OPHIOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Small terrestrial plants, with small, erect, fleshy, often tuberous, rootstocks bearing
fibrous naked roots and 1-6 slender, erect leaves, these consisting usually of a short, cylindric
common stalk, bearing at its summit a simple entire lanceolate to reniform sessile or short-
stalked sterile blade with freely anastomosing veins and usually a single simple long-stalked
spike, the sporophyl, formed of 2 rows of large coalescent sporanges ; spores copious, sulphur
yellow. Bud for the following season borne at the apex of the rootstock, exposed, distinct
and free from the leaf of the present season. [Name from the Greek, signifying the tongue
of a snake, in allusion to the form of the narrow spike.]

About 45 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following 4 others occur in the
southern and western United States and Alaska. Type species : Ophioglossum vulgatum L.
Leaves usually solitary; sterile blade obtuse or acutish, never apiculate. i. O. vulgatum.

Leaves often in pairs ; sterile blade acutish or apiculate.

Sterile blade elliptic, rarely ovate, apiculate ; areoles broad. 2. O. Engelnwnni.

Sterile blade lanceolate, acutish, somewhat apiculate ; areoles narrow. 3. O. arenarium.

* Text (except Equisetaceae and Isoetaceae) revised by William R. Maxon.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Ophioglossum vulgatum L.
Adders-tongue. Fig. i.

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Rootstock short, oblique or erect; leaves usually soli-
tary, 3'-i6' long, the common stalk usually one-half or
more above ground and constituting one-third to two-
thirds the length of the plant ; sterile blade lanceolate,
oblanceolate or spatulate, elliptical, oblong or ovate, i'-5'
long, \'-2 r broad, sessile, obtuse or acutish, the middle
areoles long and narrow, the outer ones shorter and
hexagonal, with included veins; sporophyl I '-2' long,
borne on a stalk 4'-io' long, solitary, apiculate from
the prolongation of the axis.

In moist meadows and boggy thickets, Prince Edward
Island to Ontario, south to Florida. Also in Europe and
Asia. The genus is also called Adder's-fern or -spear.
Snake's-tongue. Serpent's-tongue. May-Aug.

2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. Engelmann's
Adder's-tongue. Fig. 2.

Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl, Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. i : 351.
1883.

Rootstock cylindric, with long brown roots ; leaves com-
monly 2-5, mostly fertile, 3'-9' long, the common stalk often
mostly below the ground and usually sheathed by the more or
less persistent bases of old leaves; sterile blade elliptic or
rarely ovate, i'-3J' long, \'-2 r broad, sessile, usually acute,
apiculate, with wide oblique areoles containing numerous
anastomosing or free veins; sporophyl 6"-i2" long borne on
a stalk i '-4' long, apiculate; sporanges 12-27 pairs.

In damp, sterile places or on rocks in cedar woods, mainly in
the Central States, from Indiana and Virginia to Louisiana, Texas
and Arizona. April-Oct.

3. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton. Sand
Adder's-tongue. Fig. 3.

O. arenarium E. G. Britton, Bull. Torn Club, 24: 555. pi. 318.

1897-

Rootstock slightly thickened, with numerous fleshy, spread-
ing (sometimes proliferous?) roots; leaves slender but rigidly
erect, single or often in pairs, mostly fertile, 2,' -7' long, the
common stalk one-half its length below ground and consti-
tuting one-third or less the length of the plant; sterile blade
lanceolate, with a long tapering base, or somewhat elliptic,
i '-2' long, 3"-6" broad, acutish or somewhat apiculate, with
long, narrow areoles with a few indistinct included veinlets,
the outer areoles shorter; sporophyl 6"-i3" long, borne on a
slender stalk 2'-3i' long, apiculate; sporanges 12-26 pairs.

Gregarious in a colony of many plants in sandy ground under
trees at Holly Beach, New Jersey, the type locality. Also in
New York and New Hampshire. July.

2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 8. 1801.

Fleshy terrestrial plants, with stout erect rootstocks, bearing clustered, fleshy, often corru-
gated roots and I or sometimes 2 or 3 erect leaves, these consisting of a short cylindric wholly
or partially hypogean common stalk, bearing at its summit a simple i-3-pinnately compound

GENUS 2.

ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY.

or decompound free-veined sterile blade and a single long-stalked fertile spike or i-4-pinnate
panicle, the sporophyl, with numerous globular distinct sporanges in two rows, sessile or
nearly so ; spores copious, sulphur yellow. Bud for the following season at the apex of the
rootstock, enclosed within the base of the common stalk, either wholly concealed or visible
along one side. [Name in allusion to the grape-like arrangement of the sporanges.]

About 20 species, largely natives of the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Type species :
Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw.

Buds of the following season wholly concealed within the base of the common stalk; sterile blade

more or less fleshy ; cells of the epidermis straight.

Sporophyl and sterile blade both erect in the bud. i. B. siniplc.r.

Sporophyl or sterile blade, or both, at least slightly bent over in bud.

Buds glabrous ; sterile blade pinnate (or, in no. 10, sometimes subternate) ; spores maturing

in early summer.
Sterile blade slightly bent over in bud, clasping the nearly erect sporophyl.

Leaves usually stout, the sterile blade nearly sessile, oblong, with close (often

imbricate) segments. 2. B. Lunaria.

Leaves slender, the sterile blade usually stalked, oblong to deltoid, with cuneate

mostly distant segments.
Sterile blade distinctly bent over at the tip in the bud, always pinnately divided ;

segments 3-4 pairs. 3. B. onondagense.

Sterile blade with the tip slightly inclined in bud, entire, or with 1-3 pairs of

smaller segments. 4. B. tenebrosum.

Sterile blade and sporophyl bent over in bud.

Sterile blade distinctly stalked. 5. B. neglectum.

Sterile blade closely sessile. . 10. B. lanceolatum.

Buds pilose ; sterile blades subternately divided ; spores maturing in late summer or autumn.
Sterile blades membranous in drying ; segments mostly acutish, serrulate to laciniate.
Segments mostly acute or acutish, serrulate-dentate. 6. B. oblicjinini.

Segments laciniate, often deeply so. 7. B. dissectum.

Sterile blades thick, leathery in drying ; segments obtuse, crenate to sinuate.

Leaves 3'- 7' long ; sterile blade at most 2' broad ; segments few. 8. B. Matricariae.
Leaves 8'-i8' long; sterile blade 4'-8' broad; segments numerous. 9. B. silaifoliinn.
Bud of the following season exposed along one side ; sterile blade very thin ; cells of the epi-
dermis flexuous. n. B. virginiamtm.

'^

i. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. Hitch-
cock's or Little Grape-fern. Fig. 4.

B. simplex' E. Hitchcock, Amer. Journ. Sci. 6: 310. 1823.

Leaves 2'-6' long, slender and variable, the common stalk
usually about half under ground; sterile blade and sporo-
phyl straight in the bud. Sterile blade usually short-
stalked, thickish, ovate, obovate or oblong, simple and
roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed (rarely binate or ternate,
the divisions pinnately lobed), the segments cuneate to
somewhat lunulate, usually apart, the veins forking from
the base; sporophyl long-stalked (often one-half or more
the height of the plant), simple or i-2-pinnate.

In meadows and pastures, Prince Edward Island to Mary-
land, California and Oregon. Europe and Asia. May-June.

2. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. Moon wort.
Moon-fern. Fig. 5.

Osnninda Lunaria L. Sp. PI. 1064. 1753.

B. Lunaria Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : no.

1801.

Leaves very fleshy, usually stout, 2'-i2' long, variable,
the common stalk nearly all above ground and consti-
tuting about one-half the length of the plant, the sterile
blade bent over in the bud only at the apex, clasping
the nearly erect sporophyl. Sterile blade nearly sessile,
broadly oblong, once pinnately divided into 2 to 8 pairs
of lunate subentire, crenate or somewhat incised, often
close or imbricate segments, the radiating veins several
times forked ; sporophyl 2-3-pinnate, paniculate.

Newfoundland to Alaska, Connecticut, New York, Michi-
gan. British Columbia and in the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado. Europe and Asia. June-July.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.

VOL. I.

3. Botrychium onondagense Underw.
Underwood's Moonwort. Fig. 6.

Botrychium onondagense Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club,
30: 47. 1903.

Leaves 4'-6V long, slender, the common stalk slen-
der, rather weak and spreading, 3'-4l' long, nearly-
all above ground, the sterile blade bent over in the
bud only at the apex, clasping the nearly erect sporo-
phyl. Sterile blade oblong, often narrowly so, I'-li'
long, distinctly stalked (up to I'), pinnately divided
into 3 to 4 (casually 7) pairs of mostly distant
broadly cuneate subentire to flabellately lobed seg-
ments; sporophyl J'-i' long, mostly 2-pinnate, borne
upon a slender stalk i'-il' long.

On shaded rocky slopes, near Syracuse, New York.
Also in Montana and northern Michigan.

4. Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton.
Eaton's Grape-fern. Fig. 7.

Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 7: 8. 1899.

Leaves i'-g' long, slender, delicate and lax, shining,
light or yellowish green, eventually decumbent and
stramineous, the common stalk very long, usually more
than half the length of the plant; buds rather small,
the sporophyl erect, the tip of the sterile blade slightly
inclined. Sterile blade short-stalked, simple, lobed, or
usually with 1-3 pairs of distant, alternate, lunulate or
cuneate, decurrent, usually entire segments, the apex
emarginate; sporophyl short-stalked, simple or rarely a
little branched, flattened, the large sporangia somewhat
immersed in rows or groups on either side.

In rich moist woods and swamps, New York and New
England.

5. Botrychium neglectum Wood.
Wood's Grape-fern. Fig. 8.

Botrychium neglectum Wood, Class Book Bot. ed. 2,

635. 1847.
B. matricariaefolium of most American writers.

Leaves 2'-i2' long, often very fleshy, erect, bright
green, the common stalk relatively stout, nearly all
above ground, devoid of sheathing bases of previous
years ; buds stout, the sporophyl and sterile blade
both bent over at the tip, the latter enfolding the
former. Sterile blade short-stalked, \'-2\' long, ob-
long, ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, pinnate or deeply
2-pinnatifid, the segments oblong or ovate, obtuse,
crenately lobed or divided, the divisions ovate-
oblong; sporophyl 2-3-pinnate, with terete branches,
the sporanges sessile or short-stalked.

In grassy woods and swamps. Nova Scotia to Mary-
land, west to South Dakota and Nebraska. Also in
Washington and in Europe. May-June.

GENUS I.

ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY.

6. Botrychium obliquum Muhl.
Ternate Grape-fern. Fig. 9.

Botrychium obliquum Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 63. 1810.
Botrychium ternatum var. obliquum D. C. Eaton, Ferns N.
Am. i : 149. 1878.

Leaves 6'-2o' long, usually robust, the common stalk
short and under ground ; bud pilose, the sporophyl and
sterile blade bent down. Sterile blade usually long-
stalked, commonly 2'~s' broad, subpentagonal, subter-
nately 3-pinnatifid, or 3-pinnate below, the principal
divisions stalked ; ultimate segments obliquely ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, acutish, the terminal ones elongate,
S'-i' long; margins variously serrulate-dentate; sporo-
phyl long-stalked, 3-4-pinnate, usually stout.

In moist woods and thickets, or open slopes, New Bruns-
wick to Florida, Missouri and Minnesota. Very variable
especially in New York and New England. Several forms
have the divisions of the sterile blade longer-stalked and
lax, with fewer and rounded segments, or the segments
usually long and acute.

7. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Cut-
leaved Grape- fern, or Moonwort Fig. 10.

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Anleit. 3: 172. 1804.
Botrychium ternatum var. dissectum D. C. Eaton,
Ferns N. Am. i: 150. 1878.

Leaves 8'-i6' long, usually slender, the com-
mon stalk short, under ground; bud pilose, the
sporophyl and sterile blade both bent down.
Sterile blade long-stalked, subpentagonal, rarely
more than 6' broad, subternately divided, the
basal divisions .unequally and broadly deltoid,
decompound, the upper and secondary pinnae
deltoid-lanceolate, pinnate, with laciniate or deeply
cut pinnules, the ultimate divisions divergent,
narrow and incised ; sporophyl 2-4-pinnate, usually
long-stalked.

In low woods and thickets or wooded slopes,
Maine to Virginia, Kentucky and Indiana. Con-
gested forms closely resemble the preceding.

8. Botrychium matricariae (Schrank)
Spreng. Grape-fern. Fig. n.

Osmunda malricariae Schrank, Baier. Fl. 2: 419. 1789.
Botrychium rutaceum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 :

no. 1801.

Botrychium matricarioides Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 62. 1810.
Botrychium rutaefolium A. Br. in Doell, Rhein. Fl. 24.

1843-

Leaves single or in pairs, the fertile 3'-?' long,
usually slender, fleshy, coriaceous in drying, some-
what glaucous, the common stalk \'-2 r long, wholly
under ground ; bud densely pilose, both sporophyl
and sterile blade bent over. Sterile blade stalked
(|'-2')> triangular or subpentagonal, i'-2' broad,
nearly as long, subternately divided, 2-3-pinnate, the
basal pinnae nearly equalling the middle division,
the ultimate divisions few, oval or obliquely ovate,
rounded, the margins obscurely crenate or sinuate;
sporophyl long-stalked, large, 2-3-pinnate.

In old meadows and upon open hillsides, Labrador and
Newfoundland to New Brunswick, northern New Eng-
land and New York. Reported from northern Michigan.
Also in Europe. Aug.-Sept.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.

VOL. I.

g. Botrychium silaifolium Presl.
Leathery Grape-fern. Fig. 12.

B. silaifolium Presl, Rel. Haenk. i : 76. 1825.
Botrychium ternatum subvar. intermedium D. C.

Eaton, Ferns N. Am. i : 149. 1878.
B. occidental Underw. Bull. Torr. Club, 25 : 538. 1 898.

Leaves single or sometimes two, 8'-i8' long,
thick and fleshy, coriaceous in drying, glaucous,
the common stalk short and stout, wholly under
ground ; bud silky pubescent, the sporophyl and
sterile blade both bent down. Sterile blade broadly
triangular or subpentagonal, 4/-8' broad, nearly
as long, subternate, the stalk i'-4' long, the basal
pinnae large and 3-pinnate, the ultimate segments
numerous, ovate to obovate, obtuse, cuneate, ad-
nate, the ^margins irregularly crenulate; sporo-
phyl 2-5-pinnate, long-stalked, stout and diffuse.

In moist meadows, sandy pastures and borders of
low woods, northern New England to British Co-
lumbia, Oregon, Idaho and Minnesota. Aug.-Sept.

10. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.)
Angs. Lance-leaved Grape- fern. Fig. 13.

Osmunda lanceolata S. G. Gmel. Nov. Comment.

Acad. Petrop. 12: 516. 1768.
B. lanceolatum Angs. Bot. Notiser, 1854 : 68. 1854.

Leaves 2 r -i2 r long, fleshy, the common stalk
nearly all above ground, long, usually three-
fourths the length of the plant; sporophyl bent
down in the bud, the sterile blade recurved upon
it. Sterile blade sessile, \'-2\' broad, nearly as
long, either subternately parted with divisions
acutely pinnatifid, or broadly deltoid, with 3-4
pairs of deeply pinnatifid pinnae, the segments
ovate or ovate-oblong and lobed ; sporophyl
short-stalked, 2-3-pinnate, the branches usually
stout and diffuse.

In meadows and moist woods, Nova Scotia to
Alaska, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado
and Washington. Europe and Asia. June-July.

3_
4

ii. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.
Virginia Grape-fern. Fig. 14.

Osmunda virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1064. 1753.
Botrychium virginianum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot.

i8oo 2 : in. 1801.
B. gracile Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 656. 1814.

Leaves 4'-2i c long, the common stalk slen-
der, nearly all above ground, comprising one-
half to two-thirds the length of the plant ;
bud pilose, both the sporophyl and sterile
blade wholly bent down. Sterile blade nearly
or quite sessile, spreading, membranous, del-
toid, 2'-i6' broad, nearly as long, ternate, the
short-stalked primary divisions i-2-pinnate,
the numerous segments i-2-pinnatifid, the ulti-
mate segments oblong, toothed at the apex ;
sporophyl long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate.

In rich woods, Labrador to British Columbia,
Washington, Arizona, and the Gulf states. Mexico,
Europe and Asia. June-July. Rattlesnake-fern,
Hemlock-leaved-moon wort.

GENUS i.

ROYAL FERN FAMILY.

Family 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: r6i. 1810.

ROYAL FERN FAMILY.

Large ferns with creeping or suberect rootstocks. Stipes winged at Che base,
the blades i-2-pinnate or tripinnatifid, with free mostly forked veins extending
to the margins. Sporanges naked, large, globose, mostly stalked, borne on modi-
fied contracted pinnae and nearly covering them or (in Todea and Leptoptcns-
Old World genera) in clusters (sori) on the lower surface of the pinnules or
segments, opening in 2 valves by a longitudinal slit ; ring wanting or mere traces
of one near the apex.

Three living genera, Osmunda and the two mentioned.

i. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1063. 1753.

Tall swamp or lowland ferns, the leaves in large crowns, long-stalked, the blades bipin-
natifid or bipinnate, with regularly forked prominent veins, the fertile portions much con-
tracted and devoid of chlorophyl, the short-stalked sporanges thin, reticulated, opening in
halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex representing the rudimentary transverse
ring. Spores copious, greenish. [From Osmunder, a Saxon name for the god Thor.]

Eight species, the following in North America. Type species : Osmnnda regalis L.
Blades bipinnate, some of them fertile at the apex. i. O. regalis.

Herbaceous blades bipinnatifid.

Pinnae of sterile blade with a tuft of tomentum at the base ; blades normally dimorphous.

2. O. cinnamomea.

Pinnae of sterile blade lacking a tuft of tomentum at the base ; blades normally fertile only
in the middle. 3. Q. Claytoniana.

i. Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern. Fig. 15.

Osmunda regalis L. Sp. PI. 1065. 1753.

Rootstock stout, bearing a cluster of several
long-stalked leaves, 2-6 high, the apical pinnae
fertile, contracted, forming an upright terminal
panicle, the pinnules linear-cylindric, greenish
before maturity, dark brown and withering with
age. Sterile pinnae 6'-i2' long, 2'-^' wide, the
pinnules oblong-ovate or lanceolate-oblong, ses-
sile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate,
especially near the apex and occasionally crenate
toward the truncate, oblique, or even cordate, base.

In low woods, swamps and! marshes, Newfoundland
to Florida, west to Mississippi, Nebraska and Sas-
katchewan. Also in Tropical America, Europe and
Africa. May-July. Called also Royal Osmond.
Bracken, Buckhorn-brake. King's-, flowering-, water-,
tree-, snake- or ditch-fern. Bog-onion, Herb Christo-
pher, Hartshorn-bush.

2. Osmunda cinnamomea L.

Cinnamon-fern. Fig. 16.
Osmunda cinnamomea L. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753.

Rootstock very large, widely creeping, bear-
ing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one
or more fertile ones within. Stipes i or more
long, clothed with ferruginous tomentum when
young, glabrous with age. Sterile blades i-5
long, oblong-lanceolate, deeply bipinnatifid, the
pinnae linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into
oblong obtuse segments, the margins usually en-
tire. Fertile blade contracted, bipinnate, soon
withering ; sporanges cinnamon-colored.

In wet woods, swamps and low grounds, New-
foundland to Minnesota, the Gulf states and New
Mexico. Also in Mexico, Brazil, the West Indies
and eastern Asia. Forms occur with leaves variously
intermediate between the fertile and sterile. May-
June. Bread-root. Fiddle-heads. Swamp-brake.

OSMUNDACEAE.

VOL. 1.

3. Osmunda Claytoniana L.
Clayton's Fern. Fig. 17.

Osmunda Claytoniana L. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753.
Osmunda interrupta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 273.
1803.

Rootstock stout, creeping; leaves 2-6 long,
loosely tomentose when young, glabrous with age,
the outer ones usually sterile and spreading, the
inner erect and usually fertile in the middle.
Blades oblong-lanceolate, i-4 long; sterile pinnae
oblong-lanceolate, deeply cleft into ovate-oblong
close or slightly imbricate segments, the margins
usually entire ; fertile pinnae 2-5 pairs, fully pin-
nate, the cylindric divisions very close, greenish
at first, dark brown, brittle and withering with
age.

In swamps and moist woods, Newfoundland to
Minnesota south to North Carolina, Kentucky and
Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in
China and India. May-July. Interrupted- or Clay-
ton's-flowering-fern.

Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 262. 1826.

FILMY-FERN FAMILY.

Membranaceous, mostly tropical small ferns, with slender often filiform creep-
ing or rarely suberect rootstocks, the leaves usually much divided, the leaf-tissue
pellucid, usually of a single layer of cells. Sporanges sessile upon a filiform,
usually elongate receptacle, within an urn-shaped or tubular truncate or two-
lipped marginal indusium, terminal upon the veins; ring complete, transverse,
opening vertically.

Two genera, Hyinenophylhim and the following, comprising some 450 or more species, abun-
dant in the humid tropics and mainly epiphytic.

i. TRICHOMANES L. Sp. PI. 1097. 1753.

Blades entire, pinnatifid or lobed, or several times pinnately divided. Indusium tubular
or funnel-shaped, truncate or sometimes broadly two-lipped, the sporanges sessile, mostly
upon the lower portion of the slender often exserted receptacle. [Greek, in allusion to the
delicate hair-like ultimate segments of some of the species.]

About 210 species, mostly tropical. Besides the following. 3 species occur in the southern
United States. Type species : Trichomanes crispum L.

At-

i. Trichomanes Boschianum Sturm.
Filmy-fern. Bristle- fern. Fig. 18.

Trichomanes Boschianum Sturm ; v. d. Bosch.

Ned. Kr. Arch. 5=: 160. 1861.
Trichomanes radicans of American writers. Not

Sw.

Rootstocks filiform, wiry, tomentose, creep-
ing. Stipes (petioles) ascending, i'-3' long,
naked or nearly so; blades 2'-8' long, 8"-ii'
wide, membranaceous, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid ; pinnae ovate, obtuse,
the upper side of the cuneate base parallel with
or appressed to the narrowly winged rachis;
segments toothed or cut into linear divisions ;
indusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a pin-
nule, the mouth slightly 2-lipped ; receptacle
more or less exserted, bristle-like, bearing the
sessile sporanges mostly near the base.

On wet rocks, Kentucky to Florida and Alabama.

GENUS i.

CLIMBING FERN FAMILY.

Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 39. 1828.
CLIMBING FERN FAMILY.

Plants with erect, simple, pinnate or dichotomous, or vine-like, twining, elon-
gate leaves, with stalked, alternate, paired and mostly palmately lobed or pinnate
leafy divisions. Sporanges borne in double rows on narrow specialized lobes or
segments, obovoid, pyriform or globose, sessile, provided with a transverse apical
ring and opening vertically by a longitudinal slit.

Genera 4 or more; species about 125, mainly tropical.

Leaves short, tufted, rigid. i. Schizaca.

Leaves elongate, climbing. 2. Lygodiiun.

i. SCHIZAEA J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Turin 5: 419. pi. 19. f. p. 1793.

Mostly small plants, with erect or recurved slender filiform simple or dichotomously
divided or cleft leaves. Sporanges in 2 rows along the close slender segments of small pin-
nate terminal spikes and partially protected by the narrowly reflexed indusiiform margin.
[Greek, in allusion to the divided or deeply cleft leaf-blades of some species.]

A genus of about 25 species, of wide geographic dis-
tribution, mostly in tropical regions. Type species :
Schizaca dichotoma (L.) J. E. Smith.

i. Schizaea pusilla Pursh. Curly-grass. Fig. 19.
Schizaea pusilla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 657. 1814.

Rootstock minute, horizontally creeping, the leaves
tufted. Sterile leaves linear, very slender, flat-
tened and tortuous. Fertile leaves longer, 3'-$'
high, the fertile portion terminal, consisting of
about 5 pairs of crowded pinnate divisions, form-
ing a distichous spike; sporanges ovoid or pyriform,
sessile in two rows along the single vein of the nar-
row incurved linear divisions of the fertile spike,
partially concealed by the incurved hairy margins.

In wet soil, pine barrens of central and eastern New
Jersey, the historic region. Also in Newfoundland and
Nova Scotia. Rare and local. Aug.-Sept.

2. LYGODIUM Sw. "Schrad. Journ. Bot.
i8oo 2 : 106. 1801.

Twining vine-like ferns. Leaves elongate, the rachis wiry and flextious; leafy parts con-
sisting of the stalked palmately lobed or pinnate (or compound) secondary pinnae, borne
in pairs upon short stalks arising alternately from the rachis. Sporanges borne on contracted
divisions of the leaf, as short or elongate spikes, the lower surface bearing a double row of
imbricate hood-like indusia fixed by their broad bases and concealing each I (rarely 2)
sporanges. [Name Greek, in allusion to the flexible rachis.]

About 26 species, mostly of tropical distribution.
Type species: Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw.

i. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Climb-
ing-fern. Hartford-fern. Fig. 20.

Gisopteris palmata Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo~:

129. 1 80 1.
Lygodium palmatum Sw. Syn. Fil. 154. 1806.

Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, flexible
and twining; leaves i-3 long, their short alternate
branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a nearly orbic-
ular 4~7-lobed pinnule more or less cordate at the
base with a narrow sinus; surfaces naked; fertile
pinnules contracted, several times forked, forming a
terminal panicle ; sporanges solitary, borne on alter-
nate veins springing from the flexuous midvein of
the segments, each covered by a scale-like indusium.

In moist thickets and open woods, New Hampshire
to Pennsylvania, south to Florida and Tennessee. As-
cends to 2100 ft. in eastern Pennsylvania. Summer.
Called also Creeping or Windsor-fern.

io POLYPODIACEAE. VOL. I

Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 145. 1810.

FERN FAMILY.

Leafy plants of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal and often elongate,
or shorter and erect, the leaf-blades simple, once or several times pinnate or
pinnatifid, or decompound, coiled in vernation. Sporanges borne on the under
surface of the foliaceous leaf-blades, or upon slender or contracted, partially
foliose or non-foliose leaves or parts of leaves, or, as in most of our species, in
clusters (sori) upon the backs of the leaf-blades; distinctly stalked, provided with
an incomplete vertical ring of thickened cells (the annulus), and opening trans-
versely. Sori either with or without a membranous covering (indusium). Pro-
thallia green.

About 145 genera and 4500 or more species of very wide geographic distribution. This
family includes by far the greater number of living ferns.

Leaves strongly dimorphous, the fertile ones with divisions greatly contracted, brownish, berry-
like or necklace-like.

Sterile blades deeply pinnatifid ; veins freely anastomosing. i. Onoclea.

Sterile blades deeply 2-pinnatifid ; veins free. 2. Mattcuccia.

Leaves mostly uniform ; if dimorphous, the fertile blades flat, the divisions green, not as above.
Sori dorsal upon the veins, not marginal.
Sori roundish.

Indusium wholly or partially inferior.

Indusium wholly inferior, the divisions stellate or spreading. 3. Woodsia.

Indusium attached by its base at one side of the sorus, hood-shaped, withering.

5. Filix.
Indusium, if present, superior.

Stipes jointed to the rootstock ; indusia wanting. 20. Polypodium.

Stipes continuous with the rootstock (not jointed) ; indusia present in most species.
Indusium (present, in our -species) orbicular-peltate, centrally attached.

6. Polystichum.
Indusium, if present, orbicular-reniform, attached at its sinus.

7. Dryopteris.
Sori oblong to linear.

Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midrib and rachises.

Leaves uniform ; veins free between the sori and margin. 8. Anchisfea.

Leaves dimorphous ; veins of sterile blade freely anastomosing. 9. Lorinseria.
Sori oblique to the midribs or irregularly disposed.
Veins free ; sori all oblique to the midribs.

Sori confluent in pairs ; indusia single, contiguous, appearing double, io. Phyllilis.
Sori single on the outer side of veinlet, or crossing it and recurved.

Sori straight or slightly curved ; leaves mostly evergreen. 12. Aspleninu:.
Sori usually curved, often crossing the veinlet and recurved ; leaves herbaceous.

13. Athyriuni.

Veins freely anastomosing; sori variously disposed. n. Camptosorns.

Sori borne at or very near the margin.

Sporanges borne within a special cup-shaped indusium. 4. Dcnnstaedtia.

Sporanges not borne within a special cup-shaped indusium.

Sori without indusia, somewhat protected by the revolute leaf-margin.

19. Notholaena.
Sori with indusia formed entirely or in part by the revolute or reflexed more or less

modified leaf-margins.

Sori distinct, borne on the under side of the reflexed lobes. 14. Adiantum.

Sori wholly or partially confluent.

Sori borne on a vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the free veinlets ;

indusium double. 15. Pteridium.

Sori borne at or near the ends of the free veinlets ; indusia single.

Leaves dimorphous. 16. Cryptogramma.

Leaves uniform or nearly so.

Sori confluent, forming a wide submarginal band ; segments smooth or

nearly so. 17. Pellaea.

Sori distinct or contiguous ; segments usually pubescent, tomentose or scaly.

1 8. Cheilanthes.

i. ONOCLEA L Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Coarse lowland ferns with leaves of two very dissimilar sorts .borne separately upon a
creeping rootstock, the sterile ones foliaceous and suberect, withering with frosts, the fertile
ones rigidly erect, with pinnules greatly contracted into separate hard rounded berry-like
divisions, these (until maturity) completely concealing the included sori, finally dehiscent and
persistent throughout the winter. Sori roundish, on elevated receptacles, partially covered
by delicate hood-shaped indusia fixed at the base of the receptacles. [Name ancient, not
originally applied to this plant. 1

A single species, O. sensibilis L.

GENUS i.

FERN FAMILY.

1 1

i. Onoclea sensibilis L.
Fig. 21.

Sensitive Fern.

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Rootstock rather slender, copiously rooting. Fer-
tile leaves \-2\ high, persistent over winter, the
fertile portion bipinnate, much contracted, the short
pinnules rolled up into closed berry-like bodies and
forming a narrow close panicle. Sterile leaves i-4l
high, the blades broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid,
the rachis winged ; pinnae lanceolate-oblong, entire,
undulate, or the lower and sometimes the middle
ones sinuate-pinnatifid ; veins freely anastomosing,
forming a somewhat regular series of narrow elon-
gate areoles next the midvein and numerous smaller
areoles between this series and the margin.

In moist soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south
to Oklahoma and the Gulf states. Ascends to 3000 ft.
in Virginia. Various intermediate forms between the
sterile and fertile leaves occur. Sensitive to early
frosts. Aug.-Nov.

2. MATTEUCCIA Todaro, Giorn. Sci. Nat. Palermo i : 235. 1866.
[STRUTHIOPTERIS Willd. 1809, not Weiss, 1770.]

Coarse lowland ferns with dissimilar leaves in a close crown upon a stout ascending
rootstock. Sterile leaves tall, in a complete circle, the shorter fertile leaves appearing late
in the season, borne within, rigidly erect, the pinnae closely contracted into necklace-like or
pod-like divisions, these concealing the sori, finally dehiscent. Sori roundish, on elevated
cylindrical receptacles, partly covered by delicate fugacious lacerate indusia attached below.
[Xamed in honor of Carlo Matteucci, an Italian professor of physics.]

Species 3, the following, which is the generic type, and 2 Asiatic species.

i. Matteuccia Struthiopteris (L.) Todaro.
Ostrich-fern. Fig. 22.

Osmunda Struthiopteris L. Sp. PI. 1066. 1753.
Onoclea Struthiopteris Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: u.

1795-

Struthiopteris germanica Willd. Enum. 1071. 1809.
Matteuccia Struthiopteris Todaro, Giorn. Sci. Nat.

Palermo i : 235. 1866.

Rootstock stout, ascending, with slender under-
ground stolons. Fertile leaves i-ii high, the
pinnae dark brown, slightly crenate, contracted,
with closely and widely revolute margins, the
included sori crowded and confluent. Sterile
leaves 2-7 high, 6'-is' broad, broadly oblan-
ceolate or spatulate, abruptly short-acuminate,
gradually narrowed below the middle, the lower
pinnae greatly reduced ; pinnae narrow, deeply
pinnatifid, glabrous, the segments oblong, obtuse,
entire.

In moist thickets, especially along streams, Nova
Scotia to Virginia, west to British Columbia and
Iowa. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Also in
Europe and Asia. July-Oct.

3. WOODSIA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i : 158. 1810.

Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, the rootstocks in dense tufts.
Leaves numerous, the stipes often jointed above the base and separable, the blades i-2-pinnate
or deeply 3-pinnatifid. Sori roundish, borne on the simply-forked free veins. Indusia slight
and often evanescent, inferior in attachment, either roundish and soon cleft into irregularly

12

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

jagged lobes, or deeply stellate, the filiform divisions concealed beneath the sporanges or
inflexed and partially covering them. [Named in honor of Joseph Woods, 1776-1864, an
English architect and botanist]

About 25 species, mainly of temperate or cold regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southwestern United States. Type species : Polypodium ilrense L.

Indusium small or inconspicuous, the divisions narrow or filiform.

Stipes jointed near the base; filiform divisions of the indusium more or less inflexed over

the sporanges.

Blades with more or less rusty chaff underneath. i. W. ilvensis.

Blades glabrous or nearly so.

Blades oblong-lanceolate ; divisions of the indusium numerous. 2. W. alpina.

Blades linear or linear-lanceolate : divisions of the indusium few. 3. W. glabella.

Stipes not jointed ; divisions of the indusium spreading, mostly concealed beneath the sporanges.
Puberulent, usually hispidulous ; indusium deeply cleft into narrow flaccid segments.

4. W. scopnlina.
Glabrous ; indusium divided to the center into a few short whitish turgid beaded hair-like

segments. 5. W. oregann.

Indusium ample ; the divisions broad, early spreading. 6. W. obtusa.

i. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. Fig. 23.

Acrostichum ilvense L. Sp. PI. 1071. 1753.

Woodsia ilvensis R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i : 158. 1810.

Rootstocks short, ascending, growing in masses, the
leaves closely caespitose. Stipes short, stoutish, jointed
near the base, rusty chaffy with narrow filiform scales;
blades lanceolate, 4'-io' long, pinnate, nearly glabrous
above, more or less covered with rusty chaff beneath ;
pinnae crowded, sessile, pinnately parted, the crowded
segments oblong, crenate ; sori borne near the margins
of the segments, somewhat confluent with age; indu-
sium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, cleft into
numerous filiform segments, these inflexed over the
sporanges and inconspicuous.

On exposed rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to North
Carolina, Kentucky and Iowa. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New
Hampshire. Also in Greenland. Europe and Asia. June-
Aug. Ray's Woodsia, Oblong Woodsia.

2. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Alpine Woodsia. Fig. 24.

Acrostichum alpinum Bolton, Fil. Brit. 76. 1790.
Acrostichum hyperboreum Liljeb. Kgl. Vetensk. Akad.

Nya Handl. 14: 201. 1793.
Woodsia hyperborea R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. I :

158. 1810.
W. alpina S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 17. 1821.

Rootstocks short, ascending, the leaves densely
caespitose. Stipes slender, chestnut-colored, shining,
somewhat chaffy below, jointed near the base; blades
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, 8"-i2" wide,
scarcely narrower below the middle, deeply bipinna-
tifid ; pinnae somewhat apart, cordate-ovate or trian-
gular-ovate, pinnately 5-7-lobed, glabrous or very
nearly so on both surfaces; sori near the margin,
usually distinct ; indusium as in the preceding species.

On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, Maine, northern
New York and western Ontario. Also in Greenland.
Ascends to 4200 ft. in Vermont. July-Aug. Called
also Northern Woodsia, Flower-cup-fern.

GENUS 3. FERN FAMILY. 13

3. Woodsia glabella R. Br. Smooth Woodsia. Fig. 25.

Woodsia glabella R. Br. App. Franklin's Journ. 754.
1823.

Rootstocks small, ascending, densely clustered.
Stipes very slender, usually stramineous, jointed
above the base ; blades delicate, linear or narrowly
lanceolate, 2'-$' long, 4" -8" wide, once pinnate;
pinnae deltoid to roundish-ovate, crenately lobed,
glabrous, the lower pinnae remote, obtuse, often
somewhat smaller than the middle ones ; sori few,
distinct or with age confluent; indusium minute,
with 6-10 hair-like incurved or radiating segments.

On moist rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to New
Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York
and British Columbia. Also in Greenland and arctic
and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.

4. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Rocky Mountain Woodsia. Fig. 26.

Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. 2: 90. 1865.
Woodsia Cathcartiana Robinson, Rhodora 10 : 30. 1908.

Rootstock short, creeping, densely chaffy, the nu-
merous leaves borne close together. Stipes 2' -6'
long, not jointed, bright rusty or chestnut-colored
at the base, paler above; blades lanceolate, 6'- 12'
long, finely glandular-puberulent and usually his-
pidulous with jointed whitish hairs; pinnae numer-
ous, oblong-ovate, deeply pinnatifid into 10-16 oblong
toothed segments, or fully pinnate, the larger pin-
nules nearly free and deeply incised > indusium con-
cealed, cleft into narrow or slender spreading flaccid
segments.

In crevices of rocks, Michigan and western Ontario
to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to
Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also
in Gaspe County, Quebec. Summer.

5. Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton. Oregon Woodsia. Fig. 27.

Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. II. 2 : 90.
1865.

Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy, the numerous
leaves very densely clustered. Stipes not jointed,
brownish and chaffy below, paler or stramineous
above, glabrous ; blades 2'-io' long, elliptic-lanceolate,
deeply bipinnatifid or partially bipinnate, the sterile
shorter than the fertile ; pinnae glabrous, deltoid-
oblong, obtuse, deeply pinnatifid, the lower smaller
and remote; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, ad-
nate or the largest nearly free, dentate or crenate, the
teeth often revolute and covering the submarginal
sori ; indusia minute, concealed, consisting of a few
short whitish turgid hair-like segments.

British Columbia and Athabasca to Manitoba, Wis-
consin, northern Michigan, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colo-
rado, Arizona and California. Also in eastern Quebec.
July-Aug.

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

6. Woodsia obtusa (Sprang.) Torr. Blunt-
lobed Woodsia. Fig. 28.

Polypodiutn obtnsum Sprang. Anleit. 3: 92. 1904.
Woodsia obtusa Torr. Cat. PI. in Geol. Rep. N. Y. 195.
1840.

Rootstock short, creeping, with relatively few
leaves. Stipes not jointed, straw-colored, chaffy,
3'-6' long; blades broadly lanceolate, 6'-i5' long,
minutely glandtilar-puberulent, nearly or quite 2-pin-
nate; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or
oblong, pinnately parted into oblong obtuse crenate-
dentate segments, or usually pinnate, the lower pin-
nules free and parted nearly to the midveins ; sori
nearer the margin than the midveins ; indusia con-
spicuous, at first enclosing the sporanges, at length
splitting into several broad jagged spreading lobes.

On rocks, Nova Scotia and Maine to Wisconsin and
south to Georgia, Alabama, and Texas. Also in Alaska
and British Columbia. Variable. Ascends to 2200 ft.
in Virginia.

4. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 124. 1801.
[DICKSONIA in part of some authors, not L'Her. 1788.]

Mostly medium-sized ferns, with slender wide-creeping hairy rootstocks and scattered
2-3-pinnate erect leaves, 2-6 high. Sori marginal, terminal upon the free veinlets, the
sporanges clustered upon a very small receptacle within a special cup-shaped indusium formed
in part of the more or less modified reflexed segment of the leaf-margin. [Name in honor
of August Wilhelm Dennstaedt.]

About 50 species mainly of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species : D. flaccida
(Forst.) Bernh.

i. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Hay-scented Fern. Fig. 29.

Nephrodium piinctilobulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. z: 268.

1803.

Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd. Enum. 1076. 1809.
Dicksonia punctilobula A. Gray, Man. 628. 1848.
Dennstaedtia punctilobula Moore, Ind. Fil. xcvii. 1857.

Rootstock slender, extensively creeping, not chaffy.
Stipes stout, chaffless, usually castaneotis at the base;
blades i-3 long, s'-o/ wide, ovate-lanceolate to
deltoid-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently
long-attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid; thin and delicate,
the rachis and under surface minutely glandular and
pubescent; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, the seg-
ments ovate to oblong, close and deeply lobed, the
margins with oblique rounded teeth ; sori minute,
each on a recurved tooth, usually one at the upper
margin of each lobe; sporanges few, borne within
the delicate cup-shaped indusium.

In various situations, most abundant on open hill-
sides, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario and
Minnesota, south to Georgia. Alabama and Missouri.
Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Aug. Called also
Fine-haired-fern, Hairy dicksonia, Boulder-fern.

5. FILIX Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 20, 558. 1763.
[CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. i 2 : 26. 1806.]

Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinnate blades, and roundish sori borne on
the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood-like, attached by a broad base on its
inner side and partly under the sorus, early thrust back by the expanding sporanges and at
least partly concealed by them, withering, the sori thus appearing naked with age. Veins free.

About 10 species mainly natives of temperate regions; the following in North America. Type
species : Polypodiutn bulbifenun L.
Blades lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate.

Blades broadest at base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. i. F. bulbifera.

Blades scarcely broader at base, short-pointed ; no bulblets. 2. F. fragilis.

Blades deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pinnate. 3. F. montana.

GENUS 5.

FERN FAMILY.

i. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw.
Cystopteris. Fig. 30.

Bulblet

Polypodium bulbiferum L. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753-
Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot.

i 2 : 26. 1806.
Filix bulbifera Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 6, 119. 1900.

Rootstock short, somewhat chaffy at the apex.
Stipes clustered, 4'-6' long, light-colored; blades
i-2i long, usually 3-pinnatifid, deltoid-lanceolate,
the gradually tapering narrow apex sometimes greatly
elongate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-ovate to lanceo-
late-oblong, horizontal, pinnate ; pinnules close or
somewhat apart, unequally oblong-ovate, obtuse, at
least the largest deeply pinnatifid and free, the others
more or less adnate and variously incised ; rachis and
pinnae underneath bearing large fleshy bulblets,
these falling and giving rise to new plants; indusia
short, convex, truncate.

On wet rocks and in ravines, especially on limestone,
Newfoundland to Manitoba, Wisconsin and Iowa, south
to northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Ascends
to 3500 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug.

2. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Brittle
Fern. Fig. 31.

Polypodium fragile L. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753.
Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ.

Bot. I 2 : 27. 1806.
Filix fragilis Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 6, 1 19. 1900.

Rootstock extensively creeping, chaffy, espe-
cially at the apex. Stipes 4'-io' long, slender,
brittle ; blades thin, broadly lanceolate, slightly
tapering below, 4'-io' long, 2-3-pinnatifid or
pinnate ; pinnae deltoid-lanceolate to deltoid-
ovate, acute, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, the
segments ovate or oblong-ovate, pinnatifid or
incised, acutish, mostly decurrent upon the
usually winged rachis ; indusia roundish or
nearly ovate, deeply convex, delicate.

On rocks and in moist grassy woods, New-
foundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to
Georgia, Alabama, Kansas, Arizona, and southern
California. Also in Greenland. Almost cosmo-
politan in distribution and very variable. As-
cends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. May-July.
Called also Bottle-, Brittle-, or Bladder-fern.

3. Filix montana (Lam.) Underw.
Mountain Cystopteris. Fig. 32.

Polypodium montanum Lam. Fl. Franc, i : 23.

1778.
Cystopteris montana Bernh. ; Desv. Mem. Soc.

Linn. Paris 6: 264. 1827.
Filix montana Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 6, 119.

1900.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping, the
leaves few and distant. Stipes 6'-o/ long,
slender ; blades broadly deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pin-
nate, about 4'-6' long and broad, the basal
pinnae much the largest, unequally deltoid-
ovate, their inferior pinnules i'-2' long; pin-
nules deeply divided into oblong or ovate-
oblong lobes, these deeply toothed or again
pinnate ; sori numerous ; indusia ovate, deeply
convex, delicate, very early thrust back and
concealed or evanescent.

On rocks, Labrador and Quebec to British
Columbia and Alaska, south to the northern shore
of Lake Superior. Also in Colorado, and in
northern Europe and Asia. . Aug. Called also
Wilson's-, Mountain-, or Bladder-fern.

i6

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

6. POLYSTICHUM Roth, Rentier's Arch. Bot. 2 1 : 106. 1799.

Coarse and usually rigid erect ferns of harsh texture, with pinnatifid to quadripinnatifid
leaves borne typically in a crown upon a suberect or decumbent rootstock, the stipe not jointed
to it. Sterile and fertile leaves similar, the vascular parts usually chaffy; divisions of the
blade mainly auriculate and spinulose or mucronate, with free veins. Sori round ; indusium
superior, orbicular, attached at its middle. [Greek, signifying many rows, in allusion to the
numerous regular rows of sori in P. Lonchitis (L.) Roth, the typical species.]

About 100 species, of wide distribution, mainly in temperate regions.

Leaves simply pinnate.

Lower pinnae gradually much reduced ; upper (soriferous) pinnae conform.

1. P. Lonchitis.
Lower pinnae scarcely reduced ; upper (soriferous) pinnae of fertile fronds contracted.

2. P. acrostichoidcs.
Leaves bipinnatifid or bipinnate.

Leaves coriaceous, the pinnae deeply lobed at their base. 3. P. scopnlinum.

Leaves herbaceous, fully bipinnate. 4. P. Braunii.

i. Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly-fern. Fig. 33.

Polypodiutn Lonchitis L. Sp. PI. 1088. 1753.
Aspidium Lonchitis Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 30.

1801.
Polystichum Lonchitis Roth, Rom. Arch. Bot. 2 1 : 106.

1799.
Dryoptcris Lonchitis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 813. 1891.

Rootstock short, stout, densely chaffy. Stipes
i '-5' long, bearing large ferruginous scales with
smaller ones intermixed ; blades rigid, coriaceous,
evergreen, 6'-2 long, linear-lanceolate, once pinnate ;
pinnae numerous, close, broadly lanceolate-falcate,
i'-ii' long, acute, strongly auricled on the upper
side at the base, obliquely truncate below, notably
spinulose-dentate, the lowest commonly triangular
and shorter; sori large, borne usually in two rows,
nearly equidistant between the margin and midrib,
subconfluent with age ; indusium entire.

On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Nova Scotia,
Ontario, Wisconsin, Montana and Washington, and in
the mountains to Utah, Colorado and California. Also
in. Greenland, Europe and Asia. Called also Rough
alpine fern. Aug.

2. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas-fern. Fig. 34.

Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 267.

1803.

Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. Syn. Fil. 44. 1806.
Polystichum acrostichoides Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.
Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 812. 1891.

Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes $'-7' long, densely
chaffy; blades lanceolate, i-2 long, 3' -5' wide, rigid,
evergreen, subcoriaceous, once pinnate; pinnae i'-3'
long, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, somewhat falcate,
acutish at the apex,' half halberd-shaped at the base,
with appressed, bristly teeth, the lower pinnae scarcely
smaller, sometimes deflexed; fertile fronds contracted
at the apex, the reduced pinnae soriferous, their under
surface nearly covered with large contiguous sori in 2-4
rows, confluent with age ; indusium entire, persistent.

In woods and on hillsides, most abundant in rocky
places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to
Texas and the Gulf states. Ascends to 2700 .ft. in Mary-
land. July-Aug. Called also Christmas shield-fern.

Forms with cut-lobed or incised pinnae are known as
var. Schw einitsii ; occasional forms are 2-pinnatifid.

GENUS 6.

FERN FAMILY.

3. Polystichum sc9pulinum (D. C. Eaton)
Maxon. Eaton's Shield-fern. Fig. 35.

Aspidium aciileatum var. scopulinum D. C. Eaton,
Ferns N. Am. 2: 125. pi. 62, f. 8. 1880.

P. scopulinum Maxon, Fern Bull. 8: 29. 1900.

Rootstock stout, ascending, with numerous cord-
like roots. Leaves Q'-IJ' long, the stipe 2'-$'
long, densely chaffy at the base with both broad
and narrow bright brown scales; blades 6'-i2'
long, linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, \\'-2\'
broad, coriaceous, the chaff largely deciduous
from the rachis; pinnae numerous, 7"-is" long,
4"-8" broad at the base, ovate, obtuse, the basal
portion pinnately lobed, the apical half serrate
with pointed or aculeate teeth, the lower pinnae
usually much reduced; sori near the midvein ;
indusium large, somewhat lobed, glabrous.

On rocky slopes, Washington to Idaho, Utah and
Southern California. Gaspe county, Quebec.

4. Polystichum Braunii (Spenner) Fee. Braun's
Holly-fern. Prickly Shield-fern. Fig. 36.

Aspidium Braunii Spenner, Fl. Frib. x: 9. 1825.
A. aculeatum var. Braunii Doell, Rhein. Fl. 21. 1843.
Polystichnm Braunii Fee, Gen. Fil. 278. 1850-52.
Dryopteris aculeata var. Braunii Underw. Native Ferns,

ed. 4, 1 12. 1893.
Dryopteris Braunii (Spenner) Underw. in Br. & Brown,

111. Fl. ed. i, i: 15. 1896.

Rootstock stout, suberect. Stipes 4'-5' long, chaffy
with both broad and narrow brown scales ; blades
lanceolate, i-2 long, herbaceous, 2-pinnate, the
rachis chaffy ; pinnae numerous, close, oblong-lanceo-
late, slightly broadest at the base, the middle ones
2\'-&! long, the lower gradually shorter; pinnules
ovate to oblong, truncate and nearly rectangular at
the base, mostly acute, sharply toothed, beset with
long soft hair-like scales; sori small, mostly nearer
the midvein than the margin ; indusium small, entire.

In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, to northern
New England, the mountains of Pennsylvania, to Michi-
gan and British Columbia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in
Vermont. Aug.

7. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 20, 550. 1763.
[ASPIDIUM Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 29, in part. 1801.]

Mainly woodland ferns, commonly of upright habit, the fertile and sterile leaves usually
similar, not jointed to the rootstock. Blades i-3-pinnate or dissected, with veins free in
northern species, uniting occasionally or even freely in some of the southern. Sori round or
rarely elliptical in outline, borne upon the veins, indusiate or non-indusiate, the indusium (if
present) in northern species orbicular-reniform, fixed at its sinus; sporanges numerous.

A genus of several hundred species, widely distributed in the tropics, its limits variously
understood. Besides the following, some 13 species occur in the southern and western United
States. Type species : Polypodium Filix-mas L.

Indusia present ( Eudryopteris).

Texture membranous ; veins simple or once forked.
Lower pinnae gradually and conspicuously reduced.
Lower pinnae scarcely reduced.
Veins once or twice forked.
Veins simple.

Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous ; veins freely forked.
Blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate ; segments not spinulose.
Leaves small ; rachis commonly chaffy throughout.
Leaves larger, i^2-5 high; rachis naked or deciduously chaffy.

2

1. D. noveboracensis.

2. D. Thelypteris.

3. D. simulata.

4. D. fragrans.

i8

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

Indusia flat, thin.

Blades narrow, linear-oblong to lanceolate ; sori nearly medial. 5. D. cristata.
Blades broader, narrowly oblong, ovate or triangular ovate ; sori near midvein.
Apex attenuate ; pinnae broadest at base ; sori 3-7 pairs. 6. D. Clintoniana.
Apex short-acuminate, often abruptly so ; pinnae broadest above the base ;

sori 6-10 pairs. 7. D. Goldiana.

Indusia convex, firm.

Sori near the margin. 8. D. marginal is.

Sori near the midvein. 9. D. Filix-mas.

Blades 2-pinnate to 3-pinnate ; segments spinulose or mucronate.

Blades ovate-lanceolate, triangular, or broadly oblong, usually not narrowed below.
Indusia glabrous or nearly so ; pinnae usually somewhat oblique to the rachis, the

lowest broadly and unequally ovate to triangular.
Pinnules flat, decurrent ; sori terminal on the veinlets ; scales pale brownish.

10. D. spinulosa.
Pinnules concave, some not decurrent ; sori mostly subterminal ; scales dark brownish.

n. D. dilatata.
Indusia glandular ; pinnae usually at right angles, the lowest unequally lanceolate to

ovate-lanceolate. 12. D. intermedia.

Blades elongate-lanceolate, usually narrowed below. 13. D. Boottii.

Indusia wanting ( Phegopteris).

Basal pinnae sessile or partially adnate : rachis more or less alate.

Blades usually longer than broad; rachis and midveins freely chaffy; under surfaces pilose.

14. D. Phegopteris.

Blades usually broader than long; rachis and midveins scarcely scaly; under surfaces
slightly pubescent. 15. D. hexagonoptera.

Basal pinnae long-stalked ; rachis not alate.

Blades nearly horizontal, glabrous or nearly so, subternate, the basal pinnae approaching

the terminal portion in size. j 6. D. Dryopteris.

Blades suberect, copiously glandular, triangular-ovate, the basal pinnae considerably smaller
than the terminal portion. 17. D. Robertiana.

i. Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray.
New York Fern. Fig. 37.

Polypodium noveboracense L. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753.
Aspidium noveboracense Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot.

i8oo 2 : 38. 1801.
Dryopteris noveboracensis A. Gray, Man. 632. 1848.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Stipes slen-
der, short; blades lanceolate, tapering both ways
from the middle, i-2 long, 4,' -7' wide, membra-
nous, once pinnate, the apex long-acuminate ; pinnae
ii'-3$' Jong, lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate,
deeply pinnatifid, pilose along the midribs and veins,
especially beneath, ciliate, the lower (2-7) pairs
gradually shorter and deflexed, commonly distant,
the lowest auriculiform ; segments flat, oblong, ob-
tuse, the basal ones often enlarged; veins simple or
those of the basal lobes forked ; sori near the mar-
gin ; indusia small, delicate, glandular, withering.

In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to On-
tario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and
Arkansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes
sweet-scented in drying. July-Sept.

2. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray.
Marsh Shield-fern. Fig. 38.

Acrostic hum Thelypteris L. Sp. PI. 1071. 1753.
Aspidium Thelypteris Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 40.

1801.
Dryopteris Thelypteris A. Gray, Man. 630. 1848.

Rootstock slender, creeping, blackish. Leaves long-
stipitate, the blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
scarcely narrowed at base, i-24 long, 4'-6' wide,
short-acuminate, membranous, once pinnate ; pinnae
ii'-3' long, linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile,
horizontal or decurved, broadest at the base, short-
acuminate, pubescent or pilose beneath, deeply pinnat-
ifid ; segments oblong, obtuse or appearing acute from
the strongly revolute margins; veins regularly once or
twice forked ; sori nearly medial, crowded ; indusia
small, glabrous.

In marshes and wet woods, rarely in dry soil, New
Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana and
Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vermont. Europe and
Asia. Summer. Wood-, Swamp-, Quill- or Marsh-Fern.

GENUS 7.

FERN FAMILY.

3. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Dodge's
Shield-fern. Fig. 39.

Aspidium simulatum Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 495. 1894.
Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 497. 1894.
As synonym.

Rootstock wide-creeping, slender, brownish ; stipes
6'-2o' long, straw-colored, dark brown at base, with
deciduous scales ; blades 8'-2o' long, 2'-?' wide,
oblong-lanceolate, membranous, once pinnate, little
or not at all narrowed at the base, the apex abruptly
acuminate, attenuate; pinnae 12-20 pairs, lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid, the segments oblique, oblong, ob-
tuse, entire or lightly crenate, slightly revolute in the
fertile leaf, ciliate, finely pubescent along the mid-
ribs; veins simple; sori rather large, somewhat
apart, mostly nearer the margin than the midrib;
indusia finely glandular, withering, persistent.

In woodland swamps, Maine to Maryland. Reported
also from Missouri. Late summer.

4. Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott.
Fragrant Shield- fern. Fig. 40.

Polypodium fragrans L. Sp. PI. 1089. 1753.

Aspidium fragrans Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 :3S. 1801.

Dryopteris fragrans Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.

Rootstock stout, erect, densely chaffy with brown
shining scales. Stipes 2'-^' long, chaffy ; blades lanceo-
late to narrowly oblanceolate, 3'-i2' long, firm, aromatic,
nearly or quite 2-pinnate, the apex acute; pinnae numer-
ous, 4'-iJ' long, oblong-lanceolate to deltoid-lanceolate,
usually subacute; segments oblong, obtuse, adnate, de-
current, deeply incised to subentire, nearly covered by
the sori; indusium thin, very large, nearly orbicular,
long-persistent, its margin ragged and sparingly gland-
ular, the sinus narrow.

On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Ascends to 4000 ft. in Vermont. Also in Greenland,
Europe and Asia. Fragrant wood-fern.

5. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. Crested Shield-fern. Fig. 41.

Polypodium cristatum L. Sp. PI. 1090. 1753.
Aspidium cristatum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 37.

1801.
Dryopteris cristata A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848.

Rootstock stout, creeping, densely chaffy. Sterile
leaves low, short-stipitate, spreading, much shorter
than the fertile, evergreen. Fertile leaves rigidly
erect, ii-3i long, long-stipitate, withering; blades
i-2j long, 3'-6' broad, linear-oblong to lanceolate,
acuminate, deeply bipinnatifid, dark green ; pinnae
spaced, oblong-lanceolate to triangular-ovate or the
lower ones subtriangular; deeply pinnatifid into 6-10
pairs of oblong to triangular-oblong, obtuse, finely
serrate segments, the basal ones more deeply cut;
sori nearly medial; indusia large, orbicular-reniform,
glabrous.

In wet woods and swamps, Newfoundland to Sas-
katchewan, south to Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, Ne-
braska and Idaho. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Maryland.
Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. Crested-fern or
crested wood-fern.

20

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

6. Dryopteris Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton)
Dowell. Clinton's Fern. Fig. 42.

Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton in Gray,

Man. ed. 5, 665. 1867.
Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana Underw. Native Ferns, ed.

4, 115. 1893.
Dryopteris Clintoniana Dowell, Proc. Staten Id. Assoc. Arts

& Sc. i : 64. 1906.

Rootstocks stout, creeping, densely chaffy. Leaves 2i-4l
high; stipes i or more long, straw-colored or brownish,
with thin concolorous or often dark-centered scales; blades
ii-3 long, 5'-io' broad, oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or
acuminate, deeply bipinnatifid ; pinnae apart, oblong-lanceo-
late, broadest at the base, or lower ones unequally elongate-
triangular, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, usually ob-
tuse, serrate, or the basal ones pinnately cut; sori 3-7 pairs.
borne near the midvein ; indusia orbicular-reniform, glabrous.

In swampy woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, and
North Carolina. Often confused with the preceding and the
following species.

7. Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray.
Goldie's Fern. Fig. 43.

Aspidium Goldianum Hook. Edinb. Philos. Journ. 6 :

333. 1822.
Dryopteris Goldiana A. Gray, Man. 631. 1848.

Rootstock stout, ascending, chaffy. Leaves up to
5i long, in a crown; stipes io'-i8' long, densely cov-
ered below with large lanceolate usually dark lus-
trous scales ; lamina 2-4 long, io'-i6' broad, ovate
to oblong, short-acuminate, nearly glabrous, dark
green above, nearly 2-pinnate; pinnae 6'-o/ long, i'-2'
broad, broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, broad-
est above the base, acuminate, ninnatifid almost to
the midrib ; segments about 20 pairs, narrowly ob-
long, acute or subacute, subfalcate, serrate, the teeth
appressed ; sori 6-10 pairs, near the midrib, distinct ;
indusia glabrous, nearly orbicular, the sinus narrow.

In rich woods. New Brunswick to Minnesota, south
to North Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. Ascends to
5000 ft. in Virginia and to 2500 ft. in Vermont. July-
Aug. Goldie's Wood-fern.

8. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Evergreen Wood-fern. Fig. 44.

Polypodium marginals L. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753.
Aspidium marginale Sw. Syn. Fil. 50. 1806.
Dryopteris marginalis A. Gray, Man. 632. 1848.

Rootstock stout, woody, ascending, densely covered
with bright brown shining scales, the leaves borne in a
crown. Stipes 4'-io' long, chaffy below; blades ovate-
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, chartaceo-coriaceous, 6'-2i
long, nearly or quite 2-pinnate, acuminate, usually a
little narrowed at the base; pinnae numerous, sessile or
nearly so, glabrous, 2'-$' long, the lowermost unequally
deltoid-lanceolate, those above lanceolate to broadly
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; segments oblong or lan-
ceolate, obtuse or subacute, subfalcate or falcate, sub-
entire, crenate or pinnately lobed, partially adnate or
the lowermost distinct ; sori distant, close to the mar-
gin ; indusia orbicular-reniform, glabrous.

In rocky woods and on banks Nova Scotia to British

Columbia, south to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas

and Oklahoma. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Leaves
evergreen. July-Aug. Marginal Shield-fern.

GENUS 7.

FERN FAMILY.

21

g. Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. Male Fern. Fig. 45.

Polypodium Filix-mas L. Sp. PL 1090. 1753.

Aspidium Filix-mas Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 38.

1801.
Dryopteris Filix-mas Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834.

Rootstock stout, woody, ascending or erect, chaffy.
Leaves up to 4 high, in an erect crown ; stipes 4'-io'
long, densely chaffy below ; blades nearly evergreen,
i-3 long, 6'-ii' broad, broadly oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pin-
nate ; pinnae narrowly deltoid-lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate ; segments adnate, oblong, obtuse
and biserrate, or partially adnate, ovate-oblong, acutish
and deeply incised ; sori numerous, large, nearer the
midvein than the margin ; indusia orbicular-reniform,
glabrous.

In rocky woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska,
south to Vermont, northern Michigan, South Dakota, Ari-
zona and California. Aug. Also in Greenland. Numer-
ous related forms of wide distribution are referred to this
species ; the type is European. The rootstock of this and
the preceding species furnish the drug Filix-mas used as
a vermifuge. Basket-fern. Male shield-fern. Shield-roots.
Bear's-paw-roots. Sweet or knotty brake.

10. Dryopteris spinulosa (Muell.) Knntze.
Spinulose Shield-fern. Fig. 46.

Polypodium spinulosum Muell. FL Fridr. 113. /. 2. 1767.
Aspidium spinulosum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. i8oo 2 : 38.

1801.
Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 813. 1891.

Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy. Leaves in an in-
complete crown, the taller erect, the others spreading,
stipes 4'-i4' long, with pale brownish scales ; blades
i-i4 long, 3i'-o/ broad, ovate-lanceolate to oblong,
acuminate, deeply 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae usually oblique,
pinnately divided, the lower ones unequally deltoid,
those above lanceolate from a broad base, acuminate ;
pinnules flat, oblong to lanceolate, acute, dectirrent,
pinnately cut, segments incised, teeth mucronate, falcate,
appressed ; sori submarginal, terminal on veinlets ; in-
dusia without glands.

In rich low woods, Labrador to Selkirk and Idaho, to
Virginia and Kentucky. Also in Europe. Called also
Narrow Prickly-toothed Fern.

ii. Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray. Spreading Shield-fern. Fig. 47.

Polypodium dilatatum Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2: 7. 1795.
Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum Hook. Brit. FL 444.

1830.
Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed.

4, 116. 1893.

Rootstock creeping, or ascending. Leaves equal,
spreading, in a complete crown; stipes 4-ii long, with
dark brownish often darker-centered scales ; blades
| _2f long, 4-16' broad, triangular to ovate or broadly
oblong, acuminate, 3-pinnatifid ; pinnae variable, the
lower ones broadly and unequally ovate or triangular,
those above lanceolate to oblong, acute or acuminate,
the lowermost at least pinnately divided ; pinnules con-
vex, oblong to lanceolate, acute, the largest not decur-
rent, pinnately divided, segments pinnately lobed, teeth
mucronate, straight or falcate, usually not appressed ;
sori mostly subterminal ; indusia glabrous, or with a
few glands.

A high mountain species of rocky woods, Newfoundland
to Alaska, California, Idaho. Tennessee and North Caro-
lina, Greenland. Also in Eurasia, Japan and the Madeira
Islands. Broad Prickly-toothed Wood-fern.

22

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

12. Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) Gray. American Shield- fern. Fig. 48.

Polypodium intermedium Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 262.

1810.

Aspidium americanum Davenp. Am. Nat. 12: 714. 1878.
Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia Underw. Nat. Ferns,

ed. 4, 1 1 6. 1893.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves equal, spreading in a
complete crown; stipes 4'-i4' long, with light brownish
or darker-centered scales ; blades similar in size and
shape to those of D. spinulosa, glandular-pubescent
when young ; pinnae usually at right angles to the rachis,
the lower ones at least pinnate, unequally lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate; the upper ones lanceolate to oblong,
acuminate ; pinnules convex, oblong or lanceolate, acute,
the largest not decurrent, pinnately divided, nearly at
right angles ; segments dentate, usually straight ; sori sub-
marginal, subterminal; indusia glandular.

In moist woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, south to
North Carolina and Tennessee. Known only from eastern
North America. Called also Common Wood-fern.

13. Dryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw.
Boott's Shield-fern. Fig. 49.

Rootstock stout, ascending. Stipes 8'-i2' long,
covered below with thin pale-brown scales ; blade
of fertile leaves elongate-oblong or lanceolate, acu-
minate, slightly narrowed toward the base, firm,
bipinnate, or 3-pinnatifid, i-2J long, 3'-5' wide, the
sterile ones commonly shorter and less divided;
middle and upper pinnae lanceolate with a broad
base, acuminate, those below unequally deltoid-
lanceolate, the lowest elongate-triangular; pinnules
oblong-ovate, constricted at the base, the lower ones
nearly sessile, often pinnatifid, those above adnate
and slightly decurrent upon the narrowly winged
rachis, serrate, the margins spinulose throughout;
sori numerous, distinct, medial or nearer the mid-
vein ; indusia orbicular-reniform, glandular.

In low woods and wet thickets. Nova Scotia to Min-
nesota, south to Virginia and West Virginia. July-Sept.

Several American writers regard D. Boottii as a natural hybrid between D. cristata and D.
intermedia. Other supposed hybrids have recently been described, which have been confused
either with D. Boottii or with species of which they were regarded as aberrant forms. The
characters of these are such as to support strongly the hybridity hypothesis. They should be
sought in localities exceptionally favorable to a mingling of the supposed parent forms. A list of
these, including D. Boottii, follows :

Dryopteris Clintoniana x Goldiana Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 137. 1908.

Dryopteris Goldiana celsa Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 65. 1899.
Dryopteris Clintoniana x intermedia Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 136. 1908.
Dryopteris Clintoniana X marginalis Slosson, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 202. 1910.
Dryopteris Clintoniana X spinulosa Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 45. 1909.
Dryopteris cristata x Goldiana Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 47. 1909.
Dryopteris cristata x intermedia Dowell. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 136. 1908.

Aspidium Boottii Tuckerm. Hovey's Mag. 9: 145. 1843.

Aspidium spinulosum var. Boottii D. C. Eaton in A. Gray, Man., ed. 5, 665. 1867.

Dryopteris Boottii Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 4, 117. 1893.

Dryopteris cristata X spinulosa intermedia Slosson, Fern Bull. 16 : 97. 1908.
Dryopteris cristata X marginalis Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 497. 1894, as syn.

Aspidium cristatum X marginale Davenp. Bot. Gaz. 19: 494. 1894.
Dryopteris cristata x spinulosa (Milde) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 259. 1905-

Aspidium cristatum X spinulosum Milde, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: 533. 1856.
Dryopteris Goldiana x intermedia Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 138. 1908.
Dryopteris Goldiana x marginalis Dowell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 139. 1908.
Dryopteris Goldiana X spinulosa Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 47. 1909.
Dryopteris intermedia x marginalis Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 48. 1909.
Dryopteris marginalis x spinulosa Slosson, Fern Bull. 16: 99. 1908.

Dryopteris pittsfordensis Slosson, Rhodora 6: 75. 1904.

Nephrodium pittsfordense Davenp. Rhodora 6: 76. 1904, as syn.

Aspidium spinulosum X marginale Eggleston, Rhodora 6: 138. 1904.

GENUS 7.

FERN FAMILY.

2 3

14. Dryopteris Phegopteris (L.) C. Chr. Long Beech-fern. Fig. 50.

Polypodhtm Phegopteris L. Sp. PL 1089. 1753.
Phegopteris polypodioidcs Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.
Phegopteris Phegopteris Underw. ; Small, Bull. Torr.

Club, 20: 462. 1893.
Dryopteris Phegopteris C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 284. 1905.

Rootstock . slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy.
Stipes stramineous, 6'-i4' long, blades triangular,
thin, mostly longer than wide, 4'-^' long, 3'-8' wide,
long-acuminate, pilose, especially on the veins be-
neath, the rachis and midribs with narrow rusty or
brownish scales ; pinnae close, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, broadest above the base, acuminate, pin-
nately parted nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse
entire or crenate close segments, the lowest pair
deflexed ; basal segments, at least those of the upper
pinnae, adnate to the rachis and decurrent; sori small,
near the margin, non-indusiate.

Moist woods and hillsides, Newfoundland to Alaska,
the mountains of Virginia, Michigan to Washington.
Ascends to 4000 ft. in Vermont. Greenland, Europe
and Asia. Aug. Sun-fern. Common beech-fern.

15. Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr. Broad Beech-fern. Fig. 51.

Polypodium hcxagonopterum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 :

271. 1803.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-

52-
D. hexagonoptera C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 270. 1905.

Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, somewhat
fleshy. Stipes 8'-i8' long, greenish or brownish
straw-colored; blades triangular, 7'-i5' broad, us-
ually broader than long, acuminate, slightly pubes-
cent, often glandular beneath; pinnae adnate to the
irregularly winged rachis, acuminate, the upper and
middle ones lanceolate, pinnatifid into numerous
obtuse oblong subentire or crenate segments, the
lowermost pinnae broader, unequally ovate to lan-
ceolate-ovate with the middle pinnules elongate,
spaced, often deeply pinnatifid ; sori mostly near the
margin, non-indusiate.

In dry woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Min-
nesota, Florida, Louisiana, Kansas and Oklahoma.
Aug. Called also Hexagon Beech-fern.

1 6. Dryopteris Dryopteris (L.) Britton.
Oak-fern. Fig. 52.

Polypodium Dryopteris L. Sp. PL 1093. 1753.
Phegopteris Dryopteris Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.
Dryopteris Linneana C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 275. 1905.

Rootstock blackish, very slender, wide-creeping.
Stipes slender, straw-colored, 4'-i2' long, chaffy at
least below ; blades thin, at right angles to the stipe,
nearly or quite glabrous, 4'-!!' broad, broadly tri-
angular, subternate by the enlargement of the basal
pinnae, these triangular, very deeply 2-pinnatifid,
long-stalked ; second pair of pinnae oblong or deltoid-
oblong, sessile and nearly pinnate, or (rarely) stalked
and 2-pinnatifid ; upper pinnae gradually adnate, pin-
natifid ; segments oblong, blunt, entire to serrate-
crenate ; sori near the margin, non-indusiate.

In moist woods, thickets and swamps, Newfoundland
and Labrador to Alaska, south to Virginia, Kansas,
Colorado and Oregon. Ascends to 2400 ft. in the
Catskills. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia. Aug.
Pale-mountain, or tender three-branched-polypody.

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I

17. Dryopteris Robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Chr.
Scented Oak-fern. Fig. 53.

Polypodium Robertianum Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2:

[add. 4]. 1795-
Phegopteris Robertiana A. Br. ; Aschers. Fl. Brand. 2 :

198. 1859.

Polypodium calcarcum Sin. Fl. Brit. 1117. 1804.
Phegopteris calcarca Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52.

Rootstock slender, creeping, branched. Stipes
slender, straw-colored, 6'-i3' long; blades 6'-8'
long, s'-7' broad, copiously glandular, suberect, tri-
angular-ovate; basal pinnae largest, 3'~4i' long,
unequally deltoid-ovate, long-stalked, 2-pinnatifid ;
second pair of pinnae distant, short-stalked or ses-
sile, pinnate or 2-pinnatifid, deltoid-oblong; suc-
ceeding pinnae sessile, narrower, mostly pinnatifid ;
segments close, oblong to elongate-oblong, the mar-
gins subentire to crenate-dentate, reflexed ; sori near
the margin, non-indusiate, numerous.

On shaded limestone, Labrador to Alaska. New
Brunswick and Iowa. Rare and local Also in Europe,

8. ANCHISTEA Presl, Epim. Bot. 7-1. 1851.

Coarse swamp ferns wi'th wide-creeping prostrate or underground rootstocks, the leaves
scattered and rigidly erect, the blades long-stalked and deeply bipinnatifid, the fertile ones
similar in outline to the sterile. Veins united in a single series of elongate areoles next to
the secondary rachis and midveins of the segments, the veinlets arising from these simple
or once-forked, extending to the margin, almost invariably free. Sori superficial, borne on
the inner side of the transverse vein forming the outer side of the areole, elongate-linear to
oval, covered by convex indusia attached at the outer margin. [Name from the Greek, in
allusion to the alliance with Woodwardia.}

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

i. Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl.
Virginia Chain-fern. Fig. 54.

Blcchnum virginicitm L. Mant. 2: 307. 1771.
Woodwardia virginica J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad.

Turin 5 : 412. 1793.
Anchistea virginica Presl, Epim. Bot. 71. 1851.

Rootstock rather slender, creeping, spar-
ingly branched, chaffy at the apex. Stipes
stout, i-3 long, toward the base purphsn
brown and polished; blades i-2 long, 6' -9'
broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, subcoriaceous,
bipinnatifid; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usually
alternate, oblique, glabrous, sessile, acuminate,
3'-6' long, deeply pinnatifid into numerous and
usually close ovate or oblong obtuse segments,
their margins serrulate ; sori along the sec-
ondary rachis elongate-linear, those of the
segments shorter, elliptical ; indusia subentire
or erose, extrorse, obscured at maturity.

In swamps, often in deep water, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida,
Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 1300 ft. in Pennsylvania. Also in Bermuda. June-July.

9. LORINSERIA Presl, Epim. Bot. 72. 1851.

Swamp ferns of medium size, with dimorphous leaves, the sterile ones spreading, with
deeply pinnatifid blades, the veins copiously anastomosing; fertile leaves rigidly erect, the
pinnae somewhat foliaceous, but greatly reduced in width, with a single series of elongate
costal areoles and a few short excurrent veinlets. Sori in a single row, linear to elliptic,
borne as in Anchistea, superficial, sometimes appearing immersed from the pustulate mem-
branous leaf-tissue beneath. Indusium extrorse, firmly membranous, persistent and scarcely
reflexed with age. [Name in honor of Gustav Lorinser, an Austrian physician and botanist.]

A monotypic genus of eastern North America.

GENUS 9.

FERN FAMILY

i. Lorinseria areolata (L.) Presl.
Net-veined Chain-fern. Fig. 55.

Acrosticliiini areolatuin L. Sp. PI. 1069. 1753.
Woodii'ardia angustifolia J. E. Smith, Mem.

Acad. Turin 5: 411. 1793-

Lorinseria areolata Presl, Epim. Bot. 72. 1851.
Woodivardia areolata Moore, Ind. Fil. xlv. 1857.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping, chaffy,
with scattered leaves. Fertile leaves erect,
surpassing the sterile; stipes i-2 long, stout,
puplish-brown, lustrous; blades 6'-i2' long,
ovate-oblong; pinnae linear, distant, usually
connected by a slight wing. Sterile leaves
spreading ; stipes 6'-i4' long, slender, green-
ish ; blades 6'-is' long, ovate-oblong to deltoid-
ovate, acuminate, membranous, deeply pinna-
tih'd ; pinnae linear-lanceolate to oblong-lan-
ceolate, acute, lightly or sometimes deeply
sinuate, serrulate, usually connected by a var-
iable wing, or the lower pairs free ; veins
joined in numerous hexagonal areoles.

In swamps and moist soil, Maine to Florida,
Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas ; also in
Michigan. Aug.-Oct. Called also Netted chain-
fern. Various imperfectly fertile forms occur.

10. PHYLLITIS Ludwig, Inst. Hist. Phys. Reg.-Veg., ed. 2, 142. 1757.

[SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 20. 1/63.]

Small or medium-sized ferns with deltoid, oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaves,
and linear elongate sori almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in pairs, one on
the upper side of a veinlet, the other on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlet of the
group above, the closely adjacent sori each with a narrow laterally attached indusium meeting
that of the other, the double sorus thus appearing to have a common indusium opening longi-
tudinally along its middle. [Greek name of fern.]

About 5 species, mainly of temperate regions, only the following known in North America.
Type species : Asplenium Scolopendrium L.

i. Phyllitis Scolopendrium (L.) Newm.
Hart's-tongue. Fig. 56.

Asplenium Scolopendrium L. Sp. PI. 1079. 1753.
Scolopendrium vulgare J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad.

Turin 5 : 421. 1703.
Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm. Hist. Ferns, ed.

2: 10. 1844.
Scolopendrium Scolopendrium Karst. Deutsch.

Fl. 278. 1880-83.

Rootstock short, erect or ascending, chaffy
with light brown scales, the leaves in a spread-
ing crown. Stipes 2'-6' long, deciduously
fibrillose-chaffy ; blades simple, linear-ligulate,
7'-i8' long, i'-2i' broad, bright green, firm,
cordate or auricled at the base, entire or lightly
sinuate, usually repand; veins once or twice
dichotomous near the midrib, free; pairs of
sori distinct, 2"-8" long, the indusia whitish
at first, soon thrust back and wholly concealed
by the heavy lines of dark brown sporanges.

Shaded limestone cliffs and depressions, in
central New York, near Woodstock, N. B., in
Bruce and Grey Counties, Ontario, and near
south Pittsburg, Tennessee. Very rare. Eur-
asia. Widely different forms are cultivated in
Europe. Snake-fern, Sea-weed fern.

ii. CAMPTOSORUS Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 69. 1833.

Slender ferns with narrow tapering simple entire or lightly sinuate leaves, bearing linear
or oblong sori several times longer than boad, irregularly scattered on either side of the
reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and partly oblique
to it, the outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium membranous. [Greek,
referring to the bent or curved sori.]

Two species, the following, which is the generic type, the other of northern Asia.

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link.
Walking-fern. Fig. 57.

Asplcnium rhlzophylla L. Sp. PI. 1078, in part. 1753.
C. rhizophyllus Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 69. 1833.

Rootstock short, .usually creeping, somewhat
chaffy. Stipes light green, i'-6' long, tufted,
spreading; blades evergreen, 4'-a' long, rather
thin or somewhat chartaceous, simple, lanceolate,
the bases usually cordate or auriculate, sometimes
hastate, the basal auricles occasionally much elon-
gate, the apex of the blade long-attenuate and
usually filiform, rooting at the tip and giving rise
to a new plant by the ultimate withering of the
tissue, but 2-4 plants sometimes thus connected ;
sori usually numerous, irregularly placed.

In shaded situations, usually upon moist mossy
rocks, preferring limestone, Quebec to Minnesota,
Georgia, Alabama and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft.
in Virginia. Aug.-Oct. Called also Walking-leaf.

12. ASPLENIUM L. Sp. PI. 1078. 1753.

Large or small ferns of various habitat, with simple lobed or i-3-pinnatifid or pinnate
mostly uniform leaves, the veins free; scales of the rootstock firm, with thick-walled cells.
Sori straight or sometimes slightly curved, oblong to linear, borne on the oblique veins,
usually somewhat apart. Indusia invariably present, attached lengthwise along the veins,
usually at the inner side. [Ancient. Greek name, being a supposed remedy for the spleen.]

About 400 or more species of wide distribution. Besides the following, 9 species occur in
Florida and 4 in the western United States. Type species : Asplenium Trichomanes L.
Blades pinnatifid, or pinnate only below, the apices long-attenuate.
Stipe and rachis dark purplish brown throughout.
Stipe dark brownish below, green above ; rachis green.
Blades i-3-pinnate, the apices not long-attenuate.
Blades i -pinnate only.

Stipe and rachis blackish, reddish or purplish brown throughout.
Sori short, nearer the margin than the midvein.
Sori longer, medial or nearer the midvein.

Fertile leaves rigidly erect ; pinnae more or less auriculate.
Fertile leaves spreading like the sterile ; pinnae not auriculate.
Stipe dark only at the base, green above like the rachis.
Blades small, 2'-8' long, linear.

Blades large, i-2 l /> long, lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate.
Blades 2-3-pinnatifid.

Stipe and rachis green throughout.

Stipe dark brownish, at least toward the base.

Stipes dark at the base, greenish above ; rachis green.
Blades deltoid-ovate to deltoid-lanceolate.
Blades linear-lanceolate.
Stipe and lower rachis (at least) dark chestnut-brown.

1. A. ebenoides.

2. A. pinnatifidum.

3. A. resiliens.

A. platyneuron.
A. Trichomanes.

6. A. virlde.

7. A. pycnocarpon.

8. A. Ruta-mnraria.

9. A. montanum.

10. A. fontanurn.

11. A. Bradleyi.

i. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott.
Scott's Spleenwort. Fig. 58.

Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott, Journ. Roy Hort. Soc.
87. 1866.

Rootstock short, chaffy, with dark, shining scales.
Stipes tufted, i~7' long, purplish brown; blades trian-
gular-lanceolate, rarely almost linear, variable in out-
line and size, 3'-i2' long, i'-3' wide at the base, firm,
tapering into a long narrow acuminate apex, pinnatifid,
or commonly pinnate below, the segments or pinnae lan-
ceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, variable
in length, the lower sometimes shorter than those just
above; sori straight or nearly so; indusium narrow, re-
flexed at maturity

Rare. Vermont to Missouri, south to Virginia and Ala-
bama, where it is self-perpetuating. Now proved by Miss
Margaret Slosson to be a hybrid between Camptosorus
rhizophyllus and Asplenium platyneuron. Ascends to 1400
ft. in Virginia.

GENUS 12.

FERN FAMILY

2. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt
Pinnatifid Spleenwort. Fig. 59.

Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. Gen. 2: 251. 1818.

Rootstock short-creeping, branched, conspic-
uously chaffy, with firm lanceolate dark brown
iridescent scales. Stipes often densely clustered,
polished, dark brown below, greenish above,
2'-s' long ; blades 3'-io' long, rigidly herbaceous
or coriaceous, narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, ta-
pering upward to a long narrow or filiform
sinuate apex, deeply pinnatifid or the lower parts
pinnate, the basal pinnae or occasionally sev-
eral pairs sometimes long attenuate like the
apex ; lobes or pinnae rounded or the lowest
acuminate ; sori commonly numerous, straight
or slightly curved, copiously confluent with
age.

On rocks, Connecticut and New York to Mis-
souri, south to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas and
Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in North Carolina.
July-Oct.

3. Asplenium resiliens Kunze. Small Spleenwort.
Fig. 60.

Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. Mem. Acad. Brux. 15*: 60.

1842, not Hook. 1840.
Asplenium resiliens Kunze, Linnaea 18 : 331. 1844.

Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy with black stiff scales.
Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, i'-2\' long; blades
firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 3'-io' long,
5"-i2" wide, once pinnate ; pinnae 2" -6" long, mostly oppo-
site, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the
upper side or sometimes hastate-auriculate, nearly sessile,
the middle ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter,
distant and reflexed ; rachis dark brown or black ; sori
oblong, short, nearly or quite straight, borne rather nearer
the margin than the midrib, often strongly confluent with
age and appearing as a broad submarginal band.

On limestone, Virginia to Florida, west to Kansas, Texas
and New Mexico. Ascends to 2400 ft. in Virginia. Also in
Mexico and Jamaica. June-Oct. Called also Little Ebony
Spleenwort.

4. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwort. Fig. 61.

Acrostichtim platynenros L. Sp. PI. 1069. 1753.
Asplenium ebeneum Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 462. 1789.
Asplenium platyneuron Oakes ; D. C. Eaton, Ferns N.
Am. i : 24. 1879.

Rootstock short-creeping, the fertile leaves up-
right, usually much surpassing the spreading sterile
ones. Stipes densely tufted, purplish or reddish
brown, shining, i'-s' long; blades linear-oblanceo-
late, 8'-is' long, \'-2\' wide above the middle, firm,
once pinnate, the rachis like the stipes ; pinnae 20-40
pairs, lanceolate, sub falcate, alternate or partly so,
sessile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the
upper side at the base and occasionally also on the
lower; lower pinnae gradually smaller and oblong
or triangular; sori numerous, oblique, linear-oblong,
nearer the midvein than the margin, often confluent
with age.

On rocks and banks, preferring limestone soil, Maine
and Ontario to Colorado, southward to Texas and the
Gulf states generally. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North
Carolina. Erroneously ascribed to Jamaica. South
African specimens, however, are identical. Several
deeply incised or pinnatifid forms have been described
from the United States. July-Sept.

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. Maiden hair Spleenwort Fig. 62.

Asplenium Trichomanes L. Sp. PI. 1080. 1753.

Rootstock short, nearly erect, chaffy with blackish
scales. Stipes densely tufted, commonly numerous,
l'-2|' long, purplish-brown and shining; blades linear,
often somewhat reduced toward the base, 3'-8' long,
4"-9" wide, rather rigid, once pinnate, evergreen, the
rachis dark brownish ; pinnae mostly oval or roundish-
oblong, inequilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate,
or nearly all opposite, cuneate at the base, the margins
slightly crenate; lower pinnae smaller and relatively
broader, farther apart, often fan-shaped in outline; sori
3-6 pairs, short, commonly confluent at maturity; spo-
ranges dark brown.

On rocks, preferring limestone, throughout nearly the
whole of North America north of Mexico except the
extreme north. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vermont. Also
in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. Called also Wall- or
dwarf-spleenwort ; water-wort, english maiden-hair.

6. Asplenium viride Hnds. Green Spleenwort.
Fig. 63.

Asplenium viride Huds. Fl. Angl. 385. 1762.

Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown nerve-
less scales, the leaves usually borne in dense tufts.
Stipes numerous, stout or sometimes very slender,
brownish below, green above, i'~3' long; blades linear-
lanceolate, 2'-8' long, 4"-io" wide, once pinnate, pale
green, soft-herbaceous or almost membranous ; rachis
green ; pinnae 12-20 pairs, roundish-ovate or rhombic,
deeply crenate, obtuse, unequal-sided, broadly cuneate
at the base, the lower side obliquely truncate ; sori near
the midvein, oblong, usually numerous and confluent,
or sometimes fewer and somewhat apart.

On rocks, Quebec and New Brunswick to Alaska, south
to Washington, Wyoming, and the Green Mountains of
Vermont. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

7. Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. Fig. 64.

Asplenium angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 265.

1803. Not Jacq. 1786.

Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng. Anleit. 3: 112. 1804.
Athyrium pycnocarpon Tidestrom, Elys. Marianum 36.

1906.

Rootstock stout, creeping, rooting along its whole
length. Stipes clustered, naked, dark brown at the
base, green and somewhat fleshy above, 8'-is' long;
blades lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, i-2i long,
once pinnate, glabrous, membranous ; pinnae 20-30
pairs, 2'~5' long, short-stalked, lightly crenulate,
linear-oblong, attenuate, flaccid, obtuse or broadly
cuneate at the base, those of the fertile blades usually
smaller and considerably narrower than those of the
fertile, often falcate; sori 20-30 pairs, close, linear,
slightly curved; oblique; indusium firm, convex, con-
cealed by the strongly confluent sori at maturity.

In moist woods and shaded ravines. Quebec to Wis-
consin, south to Georgia, Alabama, Missouri and Kan-
sas. Ascends to 1700 ft. in the Adirondacks and to
2300 in the Catskills. Aug. Swamp-spleenwort.

GENUS 12.

FERN FAMILY.

2 9

8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Wall Rue Spleenwort. Fig. 65.

Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Sp. PI. 1081. 1753.

Rootstock short, creeping or ascending, the small
evergreen leaves closely clustered. Stipes naked, 2'-$'
long, green throughout; blades ovate or deltoid-ovate,
2'-$' long, glabrous, evergreen, 2-3-pinnate, at least
below ; pinnae and pinnules mostly alternate, stalked ;
pinnules very variable in shape, size and marginal cut-
ting, commonly rhombic or obovate, obtuse, with the
margins dentate or incised, but often cuneate-spatulate,
the margins deeply fimbriate ; veins flabellate ; sori few,
linear-oblong, confluent when mature and- covering
nearly the whole pinnule; membranous, delicate.

On limestone, Vermont to southern Ontario and Michi-
gan, south to Alabama and Missouri. Ascends to 2100 ft.
in Virginia. Also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
July-Sept. Dwarf Spleenwort. Tentwort. Stone-rue. Stone-
fern. Rue-fern. White maiden-hair. A hybrid between this
species and A. Trichomanes, described originally from
European specimens, has been found also in Vermont.

9. Asplenium montanum AYilld. Mountain Spleenwort. Fig. 66.

Asplenium montanum Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 342. 1810.

Rootstock short, creeping, dark-chaffy at the apex.
Stipes tufted, slender, naked, dark brown at the base,
green above, 2.'-$.' long; blades deltoid-ovate to deltoid-
lanceolate, acuminate, rather firm, evergreen, i-2-pin-
nate; lower pinnae largest, deltoid, pinnate or pinnatifid,
the lobes or segments ovate or rhombic-oblong, dentate,
often narrowly cuneate ; upper pinnae less divided,
merely toothed or incised ; rachis green, winged toward
the apex ; veins obscure ; sori linear-oblong, short, the
lower ones sometimes double, usually abundant, often
confluent at maturity and concealing the narrow mem-
branous indusia.

On dry and moist rocks, Connecticut and New York to
Ohio, south to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. Ascends
to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.

10. Asplenium fontanum. (L.) Bernh. Rock Spleenwort. Fig. 67.

Polypodium fontanum L. Sp. PI. 1089. 1753.
Asplenium fontanum Bernh. Schrad. Journ. Bot. I799 1 :
314. 1799.

Rootstock short, ascending, clothed with narrow
dark scales at the apex. Stipes tufted, i'-3' long,
somewhat blackish at the base, especially on the
inner side, usually glabrous; blades linear-lanceolate,
broadest above the middle, 2-3-pinnate, 3'-6' long,
6"-ii' wide, acuminate, gradually narrowed at the
base, the lower pinnae often greatly reduced ; rachis
narrowly winged; pinnae 10-15 pairs, deltoid-lanceo-
late to ovate, or the lower ones fan-shaped and
flabellately divided, the segments deeply dentate
with spinulose teeth ; sori short, only i to 4 on each
segment, rarely confluent ; indusia membranous, sub-
entire.

On rocks, Lycoming Co., Pa., and Springfield, Ohio.
One of the rarest ferns of the United States ; common
in Europe. Summer. Called Smooth Rock-spleenwort.

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

ii. Asplenium Bradley! D. C. Eaton. Bradley's

Spleenwort. Fig. 68.
A. Bradleyi D. C. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club 4:11. 1873.

Rootstock short, covered with dark narrow scales.
Stipes tufted, slender, 2'-^' long, dark chestnut-brown
throughout, shining ; blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong,
acuminate or scarcely narrowed at the base, pinnate,
with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked mostly oblong-ovate,
obtuse pinnae, the lower pinnae often unequally deltoid,
pinnatifid or pinnate with oblong obtuse lobes or pin-
nules, these toothed at the apex, the upper pinnatifid
with dentate or nearly entire lobes ; rachis brown or
greenish above ; sori short, borne near the midveins ;
indusia membranous, persistent.

On rocks, preferring limestone. New York to Georgia
Alabama, Arkansas and Missouri. Local. July-Sept.

13. ATHYRIUM Roth, Romer's Arch. Bot.
2 1 : 105. 1799.

Medium-sized or large ferns with greenish succulent stipes and i-3-pinnate or pinnatifid
blades; veins free; scales of the rootstock delicate, of thin-walled cells. Sori usually curved,
oblong to linear-oblong, or crossing the vein and recurved, sometimes unequally hippocrepi- ,
form, rarely roundish. Indusia shaped like the sorus, attached as in Asplenium, subentire to
fimbriate, rarely vestigial and concealed. [Greek, shieldless, of doubtful application.]

A genus of about 85 species, mainly of tropical regions. A. cyclosonnn occurs in western
North America. Type species : Athyrium Filix-foemina (L.) Roth.

Blades bipinnatifid ; segments lightly crenate-serrate. i. A. thelypteroides.

Blades bipinnate ; pinnules variously incised or deeply serrate. 2. A. Filix-foemina.

I. Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv.
Silvery Spleenwort. Fig. 69.

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800* :

54. 1801. Not Athyrium acrostichoideum Bory, 1836.
Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 265. 1803.
Athyrium thelypteroides Desv. Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris 6 :

266. 1827.

Rootstock slender, sinuous, creeping. Stipes 8'-i6'
long, straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below, at least
when young; blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or
ovate-oblong, i-3 long, 6'-i2' wide, acute or acumi-
nate, narrowed to the base, very deeply bipinnatifid ;
pinnae linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong
obtuse or subacute lightly serrate-crenate segments;
sori crowded, curved or straight, the lower often double;
indusium light-colored and shining when young.

In rich moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Mis-
souri and Georgia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia.
Closely related forms occur in eastern Asia. Aug.-Oct.

2. Athyrium Filix-foemina (L.) Roth.
Lady-fern. Female-fern. Fig. 70.

Polypodium Filix-foemina L. Sp. PI. 1090. 1753.
Asplenium Filix-foemina Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ.

Bot. i 2 : 26. 1806.
A. Filix-foemina Roth, Romer's Arch. 2 1 : 106. 1799.

Rootstock creeping or ascending, slender for the
size of the plant. Stipes tufted, 6'-i2' long, straw-
colored, brownish or reddish ; blades broadly oblong-
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, i-3 long,
2-pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, short-stalked
or the upper ones sessile, 4'-8' long; pinnules oblong-
lanceolate to broadly elliptical, incised or serrate, the
lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the
ends of the pinnae confluent; sori short; indusia
straight or curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, the Gulf states, and California. Ascends to
6000 ft. in North Carolina, and to 2000 ft. in Vermont.
Europe and Asia. June-Aug. Backache-brake.

GENUS 14.

FERN FAMILY.

14. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1094. 1753.

Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaves, the stipes
and branches slender or filiform, rigid, polished, usually dark-colored and shining. Sori
appearing marginal, borne at the ends of the free forking veins, on the under side of reflexed
indusiiform marginal lobes of the pinnules or segments. [Name ancient.]

A genus of about 175 species, largely tropical American. Besides the following another occurs
in Florida, one in Texas and one in California and Nevada. Type species: A. Capillus-Veneris L.
Blades ovate-lanceolate in outline, with a continuous main rachis. i. A. Capillus-Veneris.

Blades reniform-orbicular, the two equal divisions with pinnate branches. 2. A. pcdatum.

i. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.

Venus-hair Fern. Fig. 71.
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. Sp. PI. 1096. 1753-

Rootstock creeping, rather slender, chaffy
with light-brown scales. Stipes very slender,
black, or nearly so and shining, 3'-i2' long;
blades ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-pinnate
below, simply pinnate above, membranous,
6'-2 long, 4-12' wide at the base; pinnules
and upper pinnae wedge-obovate or rhomboid,
rather long-stalked, glabrous, the upper mar-
gin rounded and more or less deeply incised,
the sterile lobes crenate or dentate-serrate, the
fertile ones with lunate or transversely oblong
indusia ; main and secondary rachises and stalks
of the pinnules black or dark brown.

In ravines, Virginia to Florida, west to Mis-
souri, Utah and California. Also in South Da-
kota. Ascends to 1300 ft. in Kentucky. Also in
tropical America, and in the warmer parts of the
Old World. June-Aug. True or black maiden's-
hair. Lady's-hair. Dudder-grass.

2. Adiantum pedatum L. Maiden-hair
or Lock-hair Fern. Fig. 72.

Adiantum pcdatum L. Sp. PI. 1095. 1753.

Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, root-
ing along its whole length. Stipes g'-i8'
long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and shin-
ing, once forked at the summit ; blades reni-
form-orbicular in outline, 8'-i8' broad, mem-
branous, the pinnae arising from the outer
sides of the two equal branches, somewhat
pedately arranged, the larger ones 6'-io' long,
i '-2' wide; pinnules oblong, triangular-oblong,
or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked,
the lower margin entire and slightly curved,
the upper margin cleft or lobed, the lobes
bearing the linear-oblong, often short sori.

In woods. Nova Scotia and Quebec to Alaska,
south to Georgia, Louisiana, Kansas ; Rocky
Mountains to Utah and California. Ascends to
5000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Asia. July-Sept.
Most of the western and northwestern specimens
and from the Gaspe region, Quebec, are referable
to the var. aleuticum Rupr., characterized by its
fewer and more strict pinnae and more deeply
cleft pinnules and stouter suberect rootstock.

15. PTERI'DIUM Scop. FI. Cam. 169. 1760.

Coarse ferns of open or partially shaded situations, the triangular or deltoid-ovate com-
pound blades borne upon stout stipes, these scattered upon a slender freely branched woody
rootstock creeping underground. Sori in a continuous marginal line, arising from a trans-
verse vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the forked free veins. Indusium double, the
outer conspicuous, formed by the reflexed membranous margin of the blade ; the inner
obscure, delicate, borne upon the receptacle. [Greek name for ferns.]

Variously regarded as containing one or several species of the widest distribution, the several
forms closely allied to the following, the generic type. P. caudatum occurs in Florida.

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Brake.
Bracken. Fig. 73.

I'teris aquilina L. Sp. PI. 1075. 1/53.
Pteridium aqniliniiin Kuhn, in Decken's Reisen III.
Bot. Ost.-Afrika u. 1879.

Stipe i-3 long, straw-colored or brownish, rigid,
without chaff, swollen at the base. Blade 2-4
long, i-3 broad, triangular to deltoid-ovate, usually
subternate, the long-stalked basal pinnae and the
middle ones 2-pinnate, those above 2-pinnate to
lobed or simple ; segments oblong to lanceolate, the
under surface glabrous or pubescent.

In thickets or open situations throughout most of
North America. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina.
Aug. Nearly cosmopolitan. July-Sept. Earnfcrn,
Eagle-fern, Lady-bracken, Adder-spit, Hog-brake.

The var. pseudocaudatiim Clute, from Massachusetts
southward, has long linear pinnules, nearly simple.

16. CRYPTO GRAM MA R. Br. App.
Franklin's Journ. 767. 1823.

Small mainly alpine or boreal ferns with dimorphous leaves, the stipes greenish or straw-
colored, the blades 2-3-pinnate, the fertile exceeding the sterile. Sori borne at or near the
ends of the free forking veins, at length confluent. Indusia formed of the altered reflexed
margin of the segment. [Greek, alluding to the sori hidden before maturity.]

Four species, the following and 2 of Europe and Asia. Type species : C. acrostichoides R. Br.
Rootstocks stout, clustered, ascending ; fertile segments linear. i. C. acrostichoides.

Rootstocks slender, creeping ; fertile segments much broader. 2. C. Stelleri.

i. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br.

American Rock-brake. Fig. 74.

Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. App. Frank-
lin's Journ. 767. 1823.

Rootstock stout, short, chaffy ; leaves clus-
tered, the fertile ones surpassing the sterile.

Stipes 2'-6' long, chaffy below, those of the

sterile leaves slender, greenish and of the fer-
tile stouter and stramineous ; blades ovate or

ovate-lanceolate, thin, glabrous, 2-3-pinnate, the

sterile ones with the ultimate segments and

pinnules crowded, ovate, oblong or obovate,

obtuse, crenate or incised ; fertile blades with

segments 3 "-6" long, i" or less wide, the thin

margins involute to the midrib at first, at

maturity expanded, exposing the sporanges.
Among rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to

Lakes Huron and Superior, in the mountains to

Colorado and California. Summer.

2. Cryptogramma Stelleri (S. G. Gmel.)
Prantl. Slender Cliff-brake. Fig. 75.

Pteris Stelleri S. G. Gmel. Nov. Com. Acad.

Petrop. 12: 519. pi. 12. f. i. 1768.
Pellaea gracilis Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 138. 1858.
Cryptogramma Stelleri Prantl, Engler's Bot.

Jahrb. 3: 413. 1882.

Rootstock slender, creeping, somewhat scaly.
Stipes scattered, 2'-s' long, straw-colored or
pale brown, slightly chaffy below ; blades thin-
membranous, ovate or oblong-ovate, 2'-5' long,
i '-2' wide; pinnae few, the lower nearly 2-pin-
nate, the middle pinnate, the upper simple;
segments of sterile blades ovate to obovate,
cuneate, crenately lobed, those of the fertile
linear-oblong or lanceolate ; indusium broad.

On rocks, preferring limestone, Labrador to
Alaska, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Wisconsin and Colo-
rado. Also in Asia. Aug.-Sept.

GENUS 17.

FERN FAMILY.

17. PELLAEA Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841.

Rock-loving small or medium-sized ferns, with nearly uniform leaves, the blades
i-3-pinnate, smooth, the fertile divisions commonly narrower than the sterile. Sori roundish
or elongate, on the free veins, usually confluent in a submarginal line. Indusium formed by
the reflexed margins of the segments. [Greek, alluding to the dark-colored stipes.]

About 50 to 60 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following several occur
in the western and southwestern United States. Type species: Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link.

1. P. atropurpurea.

2. P. densa.

Blades pinnate or 2-pinnate with large pinnules.
Blades small, 3-pinnate, the pinnules narrow.

i. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link.
Purple-stemmed Cliff-brake. Fig. 76.

Pteris atropurpurea L. Sp. PI. 1076. 1753-

Pellaea atropurpurea Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59.

1841.

P. glabclla Mett. ; Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 87. 1869.

Rootstock short, densely clothed with long-
attenuate rusty scales. Stipes tufted, 2'-8'
long, dark purple, smooth, or, with the rachis,
more or less pubescent with hair-like chaff;
blades coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate
or deltoid-ovate, 4'-! 2' long, 2'-6' wide, simply
pinnate, or below 2-pinnate ; pinnules and
upper pinnae i'-2 r long, glabrous, or sparsely
fibrillose below, 3" or less wide, short-stalked
or sessile; veins obscure.

On rocks, preferring limestone, Ontario to
British Columbia and Mackenzie, Georgia, Mis-
sissippi, Texas and California. Reported from
northern Mexico. June-Sept. Clayton's Cliff-
brake, Rock- or Winter-brake, Indian's Dream.

2. Pellea densa (Brack.) Hook. Oregon
or Clayton's Cliff-brake. Fig. 77.

Onychium densum Brack. Fil. U. S. Expl. Exp.

120. 1854.
Pellaea densa Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 150. 1858.

Rootstocks slender, creeping, entangled, chaffy
with narrow blackish scales. Stipes numer-
ous, densely tufted, wiry, slender, light brown,
3'-9' long ; blades ovate or triangular-oblong,
i '-3' long, densely 3-pinnate, the segments
3"-6" long, linear, nearly sessile, acuminate or
mucronate, those of the fertile blades taper-
ing at each end, with narrowly recurved mar-
gins ; indusium distinctly scarious ; segments
of the rarely sterile blades broader and serrate.

Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec and Grey county,
Ontario ; British Columbia to Montana, Wyoming
and California. Summer. Indian's Dream.

18. CHEILANTHES Sw. Syn. Fil.
126. 1806.

Small rock-loving ferns, mostly with pubescent, tomentose or scaly leaves, the blades
uniform, i-3-pinnate, the divisions often minute and bead-like. Sori terminal upon the
veins, marginal, roundish and distinct, or somewhat confluent, often obscured by the hairy
or scaly covering. Indusia formed of the revolute or reflexed usually modified margins of
the segments. [Greek, in allusion to the marginal sori.]

About 100 or more species, of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following numer-
ous other species occur in the southwestern and western United States and in Mexico. Type
species : Cheilanthes micropteris Sw.

Blades nearly glabrous. i. C. alabamensis.

Blades hirsute or tomentose.

Blades hirsute and glandular ; indusia discontinuous. 2. C. lanosa.

Blades tomentose ; indusia mostly continuous.

'

34

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

Blades 2' -5' long ; stipes slender ; indusia herbaceous.

Blades 6'-is' long; stipes stout, tomentose ; indusia membranous.

3. C. Feei.

4. C. tomentosa.

i. Cheilanthes alabamensis (Buck!.)
Kunze. Alabama Lip- fern. Fig. 78.

Ptcris alabamensis Buckl. Amer. Journ. Sci. 45 .
177. 1843.

C. alabamensis Kunze, Linnaea 20: 4. 1847.

Rootstock creeping, rather stout and short,
clothed with very slender hair-like dark fer-
ruginous scales. Stipes black, 3'-7' long,
slender, wiry, villous at least towards the
base with rusty hair-like scales; blades lan-
ceolate, glabrous, 2'-io' long, 2-pinnate ;
pinnae numerous, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, very short-stalked, the lowest usually
smaller than those above ; pinnules oblong
or triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often
auriculate on the upper side at the base, or
the larger ones on both sides and above
more or less lobed ; indusia pale, mem-
branous, continuous or sometimes slightly
interrupted by the incising of the pinnules.

On rocks, Virginia to Alabama, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Arkansas and Arizona. Aug.-Oct.

2. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt.
Hairy Lip-fern. Fig. 79.

Nephrodittm lanosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 270. 1803.

Cheilanthes Test it a Sw. Syn. Fil. 128. 1806.

C. lanosa Watt, Trimen's Journ. Bot. 12: 48. 1874.

Rootstock short, creeping, with pale rusty-brown
scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 2-4'
long, hirsute with rusty jointed hairs; blades her-
baceous, oblong-lanceolate, 4'-9' long, i'-2 r wide,
gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate; pinnae
somewhat distant, especially the lower ones, deltoid-
ovate to ovate-oblong, more or less densely hirsute
like the stipe and rachis and usually somewhat
glandular; pinnules in several pairs, close or some-
what apart, oblong, deeply pinnatifid into close
roundish or oblong lobes, the margins of these form-
ing separate herbaceous indusia.

On rocks, Connecticut and southern New York to
Georgia, west to Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 1900
ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. Clothed Lip-fern.

3. Cheilanthes Feei Moore. Slender
Lip-fern. Fig. 80.

Myriopteris gracilis Fee, Gen. Fil. 150. 1850-52.
C. lanuginosa Nutt. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 99. 1858.
C. gracilis Mett. Abh. Senck. Nat. Gesell. 3 : 80.

1859.
Cheilanthes Feei Moore, Ind. Fil. xxxviii. 1857.

Rootstock short, covered with narrow brown
scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted,
slender, about as long as the leaves, at first cov-
ered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glabrous ;
blades ovate-lanceolate, 2'-$' long, i'-2' wide,
2-3-pinnate, the upper surface slightly tomentose,
the lower densely woolly with soft whitish-brown
hairs ; pinnae mostly oblong-ovate and contiguous,
the lowermost deltoid-ovate and distant ; pinnules
pinnate or crenately pinnatifid into several pairs
of crowded minute roundish segments, the reflexed
margin forming an herbaceous indusium.

On rocks. Illinois and Minnesota to British Co-
lumbia, to Texas and New Mexico. July-Oct.

GENUS 18.

FERN FAMILY.

4. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. Woolly

Lip- fern. Fig. 81.
Cheilanthes tomentosa Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 42. 1833.

Rootstock stout, short, densely chaffy with rigid
slender striped and concolorous bright brown scales.
Stipes tufted, 4'-8' long, rather stout, densely brown-
tomentose even when mature; blades oblong-lanceo-
late, 3-pinnate, 6'-i8' long, densely tomentose, espe-
cially beneath, with brownish-white obscurely artic-
ulated hairs ; pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules distinct,
usually obovate, about \" long, the terminal ones
sometimes twice as large as the others, the reflexed
margin forming a narrow continuous indusium.

On rocks, Virginia to Georgia, Texas, Arizona and
Mexico. July-Oct. Webby Lip-fern.

19. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Prodr. Fl.
Nov. Holl. i : 145. 1810.

Small rock-loving ferns, mainly of arid or semi-arid regions, the blades of various
shape, i-4-pinnate, the under surfaces hairy, densely tomentose or scaly, or in some species
covered with a white or yellow waxy powder. Sori roundish or oblong, borne near the
margin upon the free veins, at or near their extremities, soon more or less confluent laterally
in a broad or narrow marginal band. Indusia wanting, the revolute margins at first covering
the sporanges in some species, the sporanges often partially concealed otherwise by the hairy,
scaly or waxy covering of the under surface. [Greek, meaning spurious cloak, no proper
indusium being formed.]

About 50 species of wide distribution. Besides the following numerous other species occur
in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Type species: Acrostichum Marantae L.

i. Notholaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze.
Powdery Notholaena. Fig. 82.

Cheilanthes dealbata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 671.

1814.
Notholaena dealbata Kunze, Amer. Journ. Sci.

(II.) 6: 82. 1848.
Notholaena nivea var. dealbata Davenp. Cat.

Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 44. 1883.

Rootstock short, chaffy with slender brown
scales. Stipes closely tufted, wiry, very
slender, shining, dark brown, i'-4' long;
leaves triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at
the base, i'-4' long, 3~4-pinnate, the rachis
dark brown or blackish and wiry; pinnae
ovate or deltoid-ovate, mostly with long
slender stalks, the pinnules also mostly
stalked ; segments ovate-oblong, or some-
what elliptical by contraction, small, white
and powdery on the lower surface.

On dry calcareous rocks, Missouri and Ne-
braska to Texas and Arizona. June-Sept.

20. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp.
PI. 1082. 1753.

Mainly shade-loving species of various habit, commonly epiphytic in the humid tropics,
the leaves articulate to the creeping or ascending rhizome at the base of the stipe, the blades
ranging from simple to bipinnate or several times pinnatifid, the veins free. Sori round or
less commonly oval or elliptical, dorsal or sometimes terminal on the veins. Indusia wanting.
[Greek, probably in allusion to the numerous knob-like prominences of the rootstock.]

As here limited to free-veined species, the genus comprises several hundred species, mainly of
tropical and subtropical regions. Several additional species occur in the southern and western
United States. Type species : Polypodinm vulgare L.

Lower surface of the blade glabrous ; plant green. i. P. vulgare.

Lower surface of the blade densely scaly ; plant grayish. 2. P. polypodioides.

POLYPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Polypodium vulgare L. Common or
Golden Polypody. Fig. 83.

Polypodium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 1085. 1753.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping, densely
covered with cinnamon-colored scales. Stipes
light colored, glabrous, z'-6' long ; blades
ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong, subcoria-
. ceous or chartaceous, evergreen, glabrous,
3'-io' long, i '-3' wide, cut nearly to the rachis
into entire or slightly toothed, obtuse or sub-
acute, linear or linear-oblong segments ; sori
large, about midway between the midrib and
margins of the segments, upon the anterior
branch of the mostly i-3-forked veins.

On rocks or rocky banks, occasionally on trees,
Labrador and Newfoundland to Manitoba and
Keewatin, south to Georgia, Alabama and Mis-
souri. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. The
blade varies much in cutting, and numerous
forms have been described. One of these, the
var. cambricum, is notable for its broad pin-
natifid segments. Male polypody, golden locks,
golden maiden's-hair. Adder's-, moss-, wood-,
male-, sweet-fern ; Rock- or Stone-brake.

2. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A.
S. Hitchcock. Gray Polypody. Fig. 84.

Acrostichum polypodioides L. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753.
P. incanum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1645. 1806.
Polypodium polypodioides A. S. Hitchcock, Rep.

Mo. Bot. Card. 4: 156. 1893.

Rootstock widely creeping, woody, covered
with small brown scales. Stipes densely scaly,
i '-4' long ; blades oblong-lanceolate, acute, cori-
aceous, evergreen, i'~7' long, i'-2 r wide, cut
very nearly or quite to the rachis into entire
oblong or linear-oblong obtuse segments, gla-
brous or nearly so on the upper surface, the
lower densely covered with gray peltate scales
with darker centers, as also the rachises ; veins
indistinct, unconnected or casually joined.

On trees or less commonly on rocks, Pennsyl-
vania to Florida, west to Iowa, Kansas and Texas.
Widely distributed in tropical America. July-
Sept. Called also Hoary-, Scaly-. Tree-Polypody ;
Rock-brake. Resurrection-fern.

Family 6. MARSILEACEAE R. Br.
Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i : 166. 1810.

MARSILEA FAMILY.

Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping root-stocks
and 2- or 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation consisting of sporo-
carps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk or are
consolidated with it, containing both megaspores and microspores. The mega-
spores germinate into prothallia which bear mostly archegonia, while the micro-
spores grow into prothallia bearing the antheridia.

Three genera and some 60 species of wide distribution known as Peppenvorts.

i. MARSILEA L. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753-

Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water,
slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases or
more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of ^two vertical
valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of
Giovanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, who died about 1804.]

About 53 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 or 3 others occur in Texas.
Sporocarps glabrous and purple when mature.
Sporocarps densely covered with hair-like scales.

1. M. quadrifolia,

2. M. vest it a.

GENUS i.

MARSILEA FAMILY.

37

i. Marsilea quadrifolia L European
Marsilea or Pepperwort. Fig. 85.

Marsilea quadrifolia L. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753.

Rootstock slender, buried in the muddy bot-
toms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles usu-
ally slender, 2'-$' high, or when submerged
sometimes elongated to i or 2. Leaflets mostly
triangular-obovate, variable in outline, 3"-8"
long, 2"-6" wide, glabrous or rarely with scat-
tered hairs when young, the margins entire;
sporocarps 2 or rarely 3 on a branching peduncle
which is attached to the petiole at its base,
covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when
young, becoming glabrous and dark purple when
mature; sori 8 or 9 in each valve.

Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Conn. ; thence intro-
duced into other parts of the country, from Massa-
chusetts to Maryland. Native of Europe and Asia.

2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev.
Hairy Pepperwort. Fig. 86.

M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pi. 159. 1831.

Marsilea mucronata A. Br. Amer. Journ. Sci.
(II.) 3: 55. 1847-

Rootstocks slender, creeping. Petioles slen-
der, 2'-s' high ; leaflets similar to those of the
preceding species, entire or toothed; sporo-
carps 2"-4" long, 2"-3" wide, with a short
raphe, a short and blunt lower tooth and an
acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely
covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like
scales or (in the forms known as M. mucro-
nata) these short and appressed or almost
wanting; sori 6-n in each valve.

In wet sand or in shallow ditches, Florida to
Kansas, Arizona and Mexico, California and
British Columbia.

Family 7. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 30. 1828.

SALVINIA FAMILY.

Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes branching
axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled, borne 2 or
more on a common stalk, i-celled, with a central often branched receptacle, which
bears megasporanges containing a single megaspore or microsporanges containing
numerous microspores. The megaspores germinate into prothallia which bear
archegones, the microspores into prothallia which bear antherids.

The family consists of two genera.

Leaves 6"-g" long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. I. Salvinia.

Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. Azolla.

i. SALVINIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 15. 1763.

Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked leaves, these
finely papillose on the upper surface. Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-i4-sulcate, mem-
branous, arranged in clusters, i or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile mega-
sporanges, each containing a single megaspore, the others containing numerous smaller globose
pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores. [Name in honor of Antonio
Maria Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.]

About 13 species widely distributed. Only the following, the generic type, in the United States.

SALVINIACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Salvinia natans (L.) Hoffm. Salvinia.
Floating Moss. Fig. 87.

Marsilea natans L. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753.
Salvinia natans Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2 :

1795-

Leaves oblong, rather thick, obtuse or emarginate
at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire.,
spreading, 6'-i2 r long, pinnately veined, bright green
and papillose above, the lower surface densely matted
with pellucid brown hairs; spordcarps 4-8 in a clus-
ter, the upper ones containing about 10 megaspo-
ranges, each containing a single megaspore, the re-
mainder containing numerous microsporanges each
with numerous microspores ; megaspores marked
with 3 obtuse lobes, these meeting at the apex.

Bois Brule Bottoms, Perry Co., Missouri, and near
Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds on Staten
Island, N. Y. Reported by Pursh in 1814 from central
Xew York, but his exact station is unknown. Widely
distributed in Europe and Asia.

2. AZOLLA Lam. Encycl. i : 343. 1783.

Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched stems covered
with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of two
kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing a single
megaspore at the base and a few corpuscles above it whose character is not fully known,
the larger globose, producing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of
microspores which are often beset with a series of anchor-like processes of unknown func-
tion. [Greek, signifying killed by drought.]

About 5 species of wide geographic distribution.
Type species : Azolla filiculoides Lam.

i. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Carolina
Azolla. Fig. 88.

Azolla caroliniana Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 541. 1810.

Plants greenish or reddish, deltoid or triangular-
ovate in outline, pinnately branching, sometimes
covering large surfaces of water. Leaves with
ovate lobes, their color varying somewhat with
the amount of direct sunlight, the lower usually
reddish, the upper green with a reddish border.
Megaspores minutely granulate, with three acces-
sory corpuscles; masses of microspores armed
with rigid septate processes.

Floating on still water, Ontario and Massachusetts
to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona and
Mexico. Also in tropical America. Naturalized
in lakes on Staten Island, N. Y.

Family 8. EQUISETACEAE Michx.
Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 281. 1803.

HORSETAIL FAMILY.

Rush-like perennial plants, with mostly hollow jointed simple or often much-
branched grooved stems, provided with a double series of cavities and usually
with a large central one, the branches verticillate, the nodes provided with dia-
phragms. Rootstocks subterranean. Leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints,
the sheaths toothed. Sporanges i-celled, clustered underneath the scales of ter-
minal cone-like spikes. Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with 2
narrow strap-like appendages attached at the middle, coiling around the spore
when moist and spreading when dry and mature, in the form of a cross (elaters).
Epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. Prothallium on the surface of the
ground, green, usually dioecious.

The family consists of the following genus:

GENUS i.

HORSETAIL FAMILY.

39

i. EQUISETUM [Tourn.J L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753.

Characters of the family. [Name ancient, signifying horse-tail, in allusion to the copious
branching of several species.] Called also Toad-pips, Tad-pipe.

About 25 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Type species : Equisetum fluviatile L.

Stems annual ; stomata scattered.

Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile.

Fertile stems simple, soon withering ; sheaths of branches of sterile stems 4-toothed.

i. E. arvense.
Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering.

Branches of the stem simple, their sheaths 3-toothed. 2. E. pratense.

Branches compound. 3. E. syh'aticum.

Stems all alike ; spores mature in summer ; branches simple or none.

Sheaths rather loose ; branches usually long ; stems bushy below, attenuate upwards.
Central cavity very small ; spike long. 4. E. palustre.

Central cavity about one-half the diameter of stem ; spike short. 5. E. littorale.

Sheaths appressed ; branches usually short. 6. E. fluviatile.

Stems mostly perennial, evergreen ; spikes tipped with a rigid point ; stomata in regular rows.
Stems tall, usually many-grooved.

Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged.

Ridges with i line of tubercles; ridges of sheath tricarinate ; stem stout.

7. E. robustum.
Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles ; ridges of sheath obscurely 4-

carinate ; stem slender. 8. E. hyemale.

Stems not tuberculate ; sheaths enlarged upward. 9. E. laevigatum.

Stems low, slender, tufted, usually s-io-grooved.

Central cavity small; sheaths 5-io-toothed. 10. E. variegatum.

Central cavity none; sheaths 3-toothed. n. E. scirpoides.

i. Equisetum arvense L.
Fig. 89.

Field Horsetail.

Equisetum arvense L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753.

Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile.
Fertile stems 4'-io' high, not branched, soon wither-
ing, light brown, their loose scarious sheaths mostly
distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate
teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 2'-2 high,
6-i9-furrowed, with numerous long mostly simple verti-
cillate 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid branches, the
sheaths of the branches 4-toothed, the stomata in 2 rows
in the furrows.

In sandy soil, especially along roadsides and railways,
Newfoundland and Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia
and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Ascends to at
least 2500 ft. in Virginia. An occasional form in which
the sterile stem bears a terminal spike is known as var.
serotinum. Sterile stems sometimes very short and with
long prostrate or ascending branches. Called also Corn-
field Horsetail ; Bottlebrush, Horse- or Snake-pipes ; Cat's-
tail. May.

2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Thicket or Meadow
Horsetail. Fig. 90.

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 9: 138. 1784.

Stems annual, 8'-i6' high, with scattered stomata, the
i fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched
when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming similar
in age; stems rough, 8-2O-ridged with narrow furrows and
cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths ; branches straight, rather
short, simple, densely whorled, 3-angled or rarely 4-5-
angled, solid; sheaths of the stem with about II short
ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed;
rootstocks solid, acutely angled.

In sandy places, Nova Scotia and Rupert River to Minne-
sota, and Alaska, south to New Jersey, Iowa and Colorado.
Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

40 EQUISETACEAE. VOL. I.

3. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Wood Horsetail. Bottle-brush. Fig. 91.

Equisetum sylvaticum L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753.

Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first
simple, at length much branched and resembling the sterile,
only its naked apex withering. Stems usually 12-furrowed,
producing verticillate compound branches, the branchlets
curved downward ; sheaths loose, cylindric or campanulate,
those of the stem with 8-14 bluntish teeth, those of the
branches with 4 or 5 teeth, those of the branchlets with 3
divergent teeth; central cavity nearly one-half the diameter
of the stem ; branches and branchlets solid.

In moist sandy woods and thickets, Newfoundland and
Greenland to Alaska, south to Virginia and Iowa. Also in
Europe and Asia. May.

4. Equisetum palustre L. Marsh Horsetail. Fig. 92.

Equisetum palustre L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753.

Stems annual, slender, all alike, io'-i8' long, very
deeply s-p-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow
roughish wing-like ridges, the central canal very small;
sheaths rather loose, bearing about 8 subulate-lanceolate
whitish-margined teeth; branches simple, few in the
whorls, 4-7-angled, always hollow, barely sulcate, more
abundant below than above, their sheaths mostly
5-toothed ; spike rather long ; stomata abundant in the
furrows.

In wet places, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Connecticut,
western New York, Illinois and Arizona. Also in Europe
and Asia. July-Aug. Marsh-weed, Paddock-or Snake-
pipes ; Cat-whistles.

5. Equisetum littorale Kuehl. Shore Horsetail. Fig. 93.

Equisetum littorale Kuehl. Beitr. Pflanz. Russ.
Reichs, 4: 91. 1845.

Stems annual, very slender, all alike, 8'-i8'
high, slightly roughened, 6-i9-grooved, the ridges
rounded, the central canal one-half to two-thirds
the diameter; sheaths sensibly dilated above, the
uppermost inversely campanulate, their teeth her-
baceous, membranous at the margins, narrow,
lanceolate; branches of two kinds, simple, some
4-angled and hollow, some 3-angled and solid,
the first joint shorter or a trifle longer than the
sheath of the stem ; spike short with abortive
spores, these commonly with no elaters.

On sandy river and lake shores, New Brunswick
and Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west
to British Columbia. Also in Europe. Supposed to
be a hybrid. Aug.-Sept.

GENUS i. HORSETAIL FAMILY. 41

6. Equisetum fluviatile L. Swamp Horsetail. Fig. 94.

Equisetum limosum L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.
Equisetum limosum L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Stems annual, all alike, 2-4 high, slightly 10-30-
furrowed, very smooth, usually producing upright
branches after the spores are formed, the stomata
scattered. Sheaths appressed with about 18 dark
brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities wanting
under the grooves, small under the ridges; central
cavity very large ; branches hollow, slender, smaller
but otherwise much like the stems, short or elon-
gated ; rootstocks hollow.

In swamps and along the borders of ponds, Nova
Scotia to Alaska, south to Virginia, Nebraska and
Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Water Horse-
tail, Paddock-pipes. May-June.

7. Equisetum robustum A. Br. Stout Scouring-rush. Fig. 95.

Equisetum robustum A. Br. ; Engelm. Amer. Journ.
Sci. 46: 88. 1844.

Equisetum hyemalc robustum A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull.
ii : 75. 1903.

Stems perennial, stout, tall, evergreen, 3-u high,
sometimes nearly i' in diameter, 20-48- furrowed,
simple or little branched. Ridges of the stem rough-
ened with a single aeries of transversely oblong
siliceous tubercles ; sheaths short, nearly as broad
as long, cylindric, appressed, marked with black
girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark
caducous teeth ; ridges of the sheath 3-carinate ;
branches when present occasionally fertile; spikes
tipped with a rigid point.

In wet places, Ohio to Louisiana and Mexico, west
to British Columbia and California. Also in Asia.
May- June.

8. Equisetum hyemale L. Common Scouring-rush. Fig. 96.

Equisetum hyemale L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.

Stems slender, rather stiff, evergreen, 2-4 high,
with the stomata arranged in regular rows, rough,
8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines
of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half
to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long,
cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles,
their ridges obscurely 4-carinate ; teeth brown, mem-
branous, soon deciduous; spikes pointed; stem rarely
producing branches which are usually short and
occasionally fertile; forms are sometimes found with
longer sterile branches.

In wet places and on banks, especially along rivers
and lakes, throughout nearly the whole of North
America, Europe and Asia. The rough stems of this
and related species are used for scouring floors. The
species consists of numerous races. Called also Horse-
pipe, Mare's-tail, Shave-grass, Shave-weed, Pewter-
wort, Rough Horsetail, Dutch-rush, Gun-bright. May-
June.

EQUISETACEAE.

VOL. I.

9. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth
Scouring-rush. Fig. 97.

Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. ; Engelm. Amer. Journ.
Sci. 46 : 87. 1844.

Stems i-5 high, simple or little branched, pale
green, annual or persistent, i4~3O-furrowed, the
ridges almost smooth. Sheaths elongated and en-
larged upward, marked with a black girdle at the
base of the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth
and rarely also at their bases ; ridges of the sheath
with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint
short lateral ones; stomata arranged in single series;
central cavity very large, the wall of the stem very
thin, spikes pointed.

Along streams and rivers, especially in clay soil,
Ontario to New Jersey, North Carolina, Louisiana,
British Columbia and the Mexican border. May-June.

10. Equisetum variegatum Schleich.
Variegated Equisetum. Fig. 98.

Equisetum rariegatum Schleich. Cat. PI. Helvet. 27.

1807.

Stems slender, perennial, evergreen, 6'-i8' long,
rough, usually simple from a branched base, com-
monly tufted, 5-io-furrowed, the stomata borne in
regular rows. Sheaths campanulate, distinctly 4-cari-
nate, green, variegated with black above, the median
furrow deep and excurrent to the teeth and down-
ward to the ridges of the stem, the teeth 5-10, each
tipped 'with a decidugus bristle; central cavity small,
rarely wanting.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to Con-
neticut, western New York, Nebraska and Nevada.
Also in Europe and Asia. Consists of several races.
May-June.

ii. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Sedge-
like Equisetum. Fig. 99.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 281. 1803.

Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender or filiform,
3'-6' long, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving,
growing in slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowed with acute
ridges, simple or branching from near the base. Sheaths
3-toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central furrow
broad, the lateral narrow, the bristly teeth rather per-
sistent; central cavity entirely wanting.

On moist or wet wooded banks, Labrador to Alaska,
south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and British Columbia.
Also in Europe and Asia. May-June.

Family 9. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 281. 1803.

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

Somewhat moss-like, erect or trailing terrestrial herbs with numerous small
lanceolate or subulate simple leaves, sometimes oblong or roundish, arranged in
2-many ranks, the stems often elongated, usually freely branching. Sporanges
i-3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surfaces. Spores
uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as known) mostly subterranean, with or
without chlorophyll, monoecious.

GENUS I.

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

43

Four genera and about no species. Besides the following, Psilotum occurs in Florida, the
two other genera only in Australia.

i. LYCOPODIUM L. Sp. PL noo. 1753.

Perennial plants with evergreen i-nerved leaves arranged in 4-16 ranks. Sporanges
coriaceous, flattened, reniform, i-celled, situated in the axils of ordinary leaves or in those
of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in sessile or peduncled spikes,
opening transversely into 2 valves, usually by a line around the margin. Spores all of one
kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily inflammable from the abundant oil they contain.
[Greek, meaning wolf's-foot, perhaps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.]

About 100 species of wide geographic distribution, the largest occurring in the Andes of South
America and in the Himalayas. Type species : Lycopodium clavatum L.

Sporophyls not closely associated in terminal spikes.

Stems rigidly erect ; leaves ascending, nearly uniform. i. L. Selago.

Stems ascending ; leaves spreading or deflexed, longer or shorter in alternating zones.
Leaves distinctly broadest above the middle, there usually erose-denticulate.

2. L. htcidulum.

Leaves linear or nearly so, entire or minutely denticulate. 3. L. porophilum.

Sporophyls closely associated in terminal spikes.

Sporophyls similar to the foliar leaves in form and texture ; Sporanges subglobose.

Sporophyls linear-deltoid, mostly entire ; plants small. 4. L. inundatum.

Sporophyls linear to lanceolate from a broader base ; plants larger.

Peduncles slender, the leaves incurved and mostly appressed ; spikes slender, the sporo-

phyls less than 3" long, abruptly subulate, incurved. 5. L. adpressum.

Peduncles very svout, the leaves more numerous and close, mostly ascending, not in-
curved ; spikes stout, the sporophyls more than 4" long, attenuate, ascending, spreading
or reflexed. 6. L. alopecuroides.

Sporophyls bract-like, very unlike the foliar leaves ; sporanges reniform.

Stems with numerous erect or assurgent leafy aerial branches, the spikes terminal upon

some of these.
Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in 5 or more rows.

Main stem creeping deep in the ground ; aerial branches few, tree-like.

7. L. obscurum.
Main stem prostrate, or (in no. 10) a little below the surface ; aerial branches

numerous, not tree-like.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in 5 rows. to. L. sitchense.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in more than 5 rows.

Spikes solitary, sessile. 8. L. annotinum.

Spikes one or several, on elongate peduncles. 12. L. clavatum.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in 4 rows.

Spikes sessile upon leafy branches. 9. L. alpinum.

Spikes borne upon bracteate peduncles, these terminal upon leafy branches.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches adnate considerably more than half their

length.

Ultimate aerial branches conspicuously flattened ; leaves of the under row

greatly reduced, minute, deltoid-cuspidate. 14. L. complanatum.

Ultimate aerial branches narrower and less flattened ; leaves of the under row

scarcely reduced, acicular. 15. L. tristachyum.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches adnate about half their length or less.

n. L. sabinaefolium.

Stems without leafy aerial branches, the elongate peduncles arising directly from the
prostrate stem. 13. L. carolinianum.

i. Lycopodium Selago L. Fir Club-moss.
Fig. 100.

Lycopodium Selago L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753.

Stems rigidly erect from a short slender curved
base, several times dichotomous, the densely folia-
ceous vertical branches forming mostly compact
level-topped tufts 2'-6' high ; leaves nearly or quite
uniform, very numerous, crowded, more or less
appressed, or at least ascending, narrowly deltoid-
lanceolate or somewhat acicular from a broader base,
shining, pale green or yellowish, usually entire, acute,
those bearing the sporanges (below the summit) a
little shorter but not differing otherwise; plant fre-
quently gemmiparous in the axils of the upper leaves.

On rocks, Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south
to the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
and northern New York, on the summits of the higher
Alleghenies to North Carolina, and to Michigan and
Washington. Also in Europe and Asia. Autumn.
Upright Club-moss. Fir-moss, Tree-moss, Fox-feet.

44

LYCOPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining
Club-moss. Fig. 101.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 284. 1803.

Stems rising 6'-io' from a curved or decumbent base,
1-3 times dichotomous, the branches forming a loose clus-
ter of a few leafy vertical stems; leaves dark green, shin-
ing, wide-spreading or finally deflexed, acute, somewhat
oblanceolate, broadest above the middle, there more or less
erose-denticulate, tapering gradually to a narrower base,
arranged in alternating zones of longer and shorter leaves,
the latter more often bearing the sporanges, less denticu-
late, even entire ; plant often gemmiparous, the gemmae
early falling and giving rise to young plants.

In cold, damp woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south to South Carolina, Tennessee and Iowa. Ascends to
nearly 5700 ft. in Virginia. Trailing evergreen, Moonfruit-
pine. Aug.-Oct.

3. Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd &

Underw. Lloyd's Club-moss.

Fig. 102.

Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw.
Bull. Torrey Club 27: 150. 1900.

Stems rising 2'-4' from a curved or
decumbent base, 1-3 times dichotomous,
the branches forming a rather close tuft
of densely leafy vertical stems ; leaves
spreading or somewhat deflexed, entire or
minutely denticulate, arranged in alternat-
ing series of longer and shorter, the former
linear to linear-lanceolate, slightly broader
above the middle, alternate, the latter dis-
tinctly broadest at the base, gradually
tapering to an acuminate apex, and more
often bearing the sporanges; plant often
gemmiparous.

On partially shaded rocks, apparently pre-
ferring sandstone, Wisconsin to Indiana and
Alabama ; probably of wider distribution.

4. Lycopodium immdatum L. Bog or Marsh

Club-moss. Fig. 103.
Lycopodium immdatum L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753.

Plants small, with simple or i-2-forked horizontal pros-
trate or slightly arched slender, often lax, leafy stems ;
peduncles 3"-2j' long, arising directly from* the creeping
stem, terminated by a slender spike *'-ii' long, or the spike
rarely subsessile; leaves of the stem linear-lanceolate,
acute, mostly entire, curved upward, those of the peduncle
more slender, spreading; sporophyls similar to the sterile
leaves but wider at the base (linear-deltoid), spreading,
entire or sometimes toothed just above the base.

In sandy bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south and west to
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan Idaho and Wash-
ington. Also in Europe and Asia. Slender elongate forms,
mainly from^ New England, are known as the var. Bigelovii
luck.; they indicate a possible transition into the next species.

GENUS I.

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

45

5. Lycopodium adpressum (Chapm.)

Lloyd & Underw. Chapman's

Club-moss. Fig. 104.

Lycopodium inundatum var. adpressum Chapm.

Fl. So. States, ed. 2. 671. 1883.
Lycopodium adpressum Lloyd & Underw. Bull.

Torrey Club 27: 153. 1900.
Lycopodium Chapmani Underw. Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus. 23 : 646. 1901.

Stems prostrate or slightly arching:, 6'-i6'
long, simple or rarely branched, leafy; pedun-
cles 4/-I2' long, slender, rigidly erect, arising
directly from the creeping stem, terminated by
a slender spike 9"-2|' long; leaves of the
stem lanceolate-acuminate, curved upwards,
irregularly toothed, sometimes doubly so ;
leaves of the peduncle more slender, incurved,
mostly appressed, yellowish green or strami-
neous, the lower ones sharply toothed, the
upper ones entire or nearly so ; sporophyls
mostly incurved and subappressed, abruptly
subulate from an ovate more or less toothed
base.

Moist banks and borders of swamps, New
York to the Gulf states, mainly near the coast.

6. Lycopodium alopecuroides L.

Club-moss. Fig. 105.

Fox-tail

Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753.

Stems stout, mostly recurved and more or less pros-
trate, elongate, i-2 long, densely leafy throughout;
peduncles very stout, 8'-i3' long, erect, arising usually
from the arches of the sterile stems, terminating in
stout densely leafy spikes 9"~4' long, 4"-s" thick;
leaves of the stem spreading, lanceolate-attenuate to
linear-subulate, conspicuously bristle-toothed, especially
below the middle, and hairy below near the base ; leaves
of the peduncle similar, spreading or ascending; sporo-
phyls similar but broader at the base, longer, with long
setaceous tips, ascending, spreading, or eventually re-
flexed, not hairy below.

In pine-barren swamps, New York to Florida, near the
coast, west to Mississippi. Aug.-Oct. In tropical America.

7. Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground-pine.
Fig. 106.

Lycopodium obscurum L. Sp. PI. 1102. 1753.

L. dendroideum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 282. 1803.

Main stem creeping horizontally, deep in the
ground, giving off a few distant upright aerial
branches, these 4'-io' high, tree-like, with numerous
bushy branches ; leaves 8-ranked on the lower
branches, 6-ranked on the terminal, spreading, curved
upwards, linear-lanceolate, twisted, especially above,
the upper branches thus more or less dorsiventral,
sometimes conspicuously so ; sporophyls broadly
ovate, acuminate, the margins scarious, erose.

In moist woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to
Alaska, south to the mountains of North Carolina and
to Indiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Also in
Asia. July-Sept. Spiral-pine, Tree-like-club-moss, Bunch-
evergreen, Crow-foot.

4 6

LYCOPODIACEAE.

VOL. L

8. Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff
Club-moss. Fig. 107.

Lycopodium annotinum L. Sp. PI. 1103. 1753.

Stems prostrate, creeping, i-3 or more long, stiff,
rarely pinnately branching, leafy, with numerous
aerial branches, these s'-io' high, simple or 1-3 times
forked, the divisions mostly fertile; leaves uniform,
8-ranked, spreading horizontally or somewhat re-
flexed, with upward curved apices, lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, broadest at the middle or above,
serrulate, pungent ; spikes I or several, oblong-
cylindric, i'-ii' long, the sporophyls broadly ovate-
subulate, with erose margins.

In woods and thickets, commonly in dry soil, Lab-
rador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colo-
rado and Washington. Also in Europe and Asia.
Mountain forms with more rigid pointed leaves have
been separated as var. pungens. Autumn. Called also
Interrupted club-moss.

9. Lycopodium alpinum L. Alpine
Club-moss. Fig. 108.

Lycopodium alpinum L. Sp. PI. 1104.
1753-

Main stem prostrate, creeping (p'-ii
long) at or near the surface, with
numerous ascending freely branched
aerial stems i~4' high; branches
crowded, glaucous, the fertile ones
terete and longer than the others, with
subulate leaves, the foliar ones strongly
dorsiventral with leaves of 3 kinds in
4 rows, those of the upper row nar-
rowly ovate, acute, those of the lateral
rows thick, asymmetrical, falcate, the
tips decurved, those of the under row
trowel-shaped ; spikes sessile, i'-f long;
sporophyls ovate, erose, acute.

In woods, Quebec, and Labrador to
Washington and Alaska. Also in Europe
and Asia. Cypress-moss. Heath-cypress,
Savin-leaved club-moss.

10. Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Alaskan
Club-moss. Fig. 109.

Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 3 :
30. 1845.

Stems prostrate, 8'-is' long, nearly superficial,
sending up numerous aerial stems, these several
times dichotomous, the branches terete, vertical,
forming compact tufts 2'-$' high, with few or
numerous stronger projecting fertile branches;
leaves of the branchlets 5-ranked, appressed or
spreading and curved upwards, linear, thick, entire,
acute; spikes sessile or upon short (up to 1' long)
minutely bracteate peduncles, solitary, cylindric;
sporophyls ovate, acuminate or long-subulate, the
margins erose.

In cold woods, Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south
to Washington, New York and northern New England.

GENUS I.

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

ii. Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willcl.
Cedar-like Club-moss. Fig. no.

Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Sp. PI. 5 : 20.
1810.

Horizontal stems extensively creeping at or
near the surface of the ground and occasion-
ally branching, with numerous freely branched
assurgent aerial stems, the branches of these
2'-4' long, loosely clustered, dorsiventrally
flattened; leaves ascending, slender, subulate,
nearly equal, in 4 rows upon the terminal and
subterminal branchlets, those of the lateral
rows slightly larger, thicker and more widely
spreading than the usually subappressed leaves
of the upper and lower rows; peduncles f-2"
long, slender, bracteate, terminal upon the
main terete branches ; spikes mostly solitary
(casually 3), J'-ii' long, the sporophyls broadly'
ovate, acuminate, greenish, with scarious erose
margins.

In cold mountain woods. Prince Edward Is-
land, Quebec, northern New England and Ontario.

12. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running-pine.
Club-moss. Fig. in.

Lycopodium clavatum L. Sp. PI. 1101. 1753.

Main stems prostrate, extensively creeping (3-9)
along the ground, branching horizontally, with numer-
ous very leafy ascending pinnately branched aerial
stems ; leaves crowded, many-ranked, linear, bristle-
tipped, entire or denticulate, those of the main stems
strongly denticulate; peduncles stout, 2^-4*' long,
channeled, with slender whorled or scattered denticu-
late bristle-tipped bracts, simple or several times
forked near the summit ; spikes linear-cylindric, the
sporophyls deltoid-ovate, acuminate, or bristle-tipped,
the margins scarious, erose.

In woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to North Caro-
lina, Michigan and Washington. Also in Europe, Asia
and tropical America. The spores of this species, and
those of L. complanatum, furnish the inflammable power
known as Lycopodium powder or vegetable. sulphur, used
in stage effects. Aug.-Oct. Called also running-moss. Fox-
tail. Buck's-horn. Buck's-grass. Staghorn-moss. Snake-
moss. Wolf's-claws. Ground-pine. Toad's-tail. Lamb's-
tails. Creeping-bur. Creeping Jennie. Coral-evergreen.

13. Lycopodium carolinianum L. Carolina
Club-moss. Fig. 112.

Lycopodium carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 1104. 1753.

Stems short, i'-6' long, prostrate, pinnately branch-
ing, rooting below ; leaves strongly dimorphic, those of
the sides large, ovate-lanceolate, falcate, recurved, asym-
metrical, acute, those of the upper side smaller, subu-
late from a broad base; peduncles 2'-8J' long, slender,
with a few whorled or scattered subulate bracts ; spikes
iJ'-2' long, slender ; sporophyls deltoid, acuminate, entire
or somewhat erose.

In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Lou-
isiana near the coast.

LYCOPODIACEAE.

VOL. I.

14. Lycopodium complanatum L. Trailing
Christmas-green. Ground-pine. Fig. 113.

Lycopodium complanatum L. Sp. PI. 1104. 1753.

Horizontal stems prostrate, wide-creeping, flattened
above, sparingly branched, with numerous erect irregu-
larly forked aerial stems, the branches of these broadly
flattened, somewhat glaucous, 2-3-forked, the divisions
few and somewhat apart or, more commonly, numer-
ous, closer, and fan-like, leafy throughout, the leaves
4-ranked, minute and (excepting those of the under
row) imbricate and strongly decurrent, those of the
upper row narrow and incurved, of the lateral rows
broad, with spreading tips, and of the under row minute,
deltoid-cuspidate; peduncles slender, i'-s' long, bract-
eate, rarely simple, usually once or twice dichotomous,
each branch terminating in a slender cylindric spike
about 9" long; sporophyls broadly ovate, acuminate.

In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Alaska, south
to NortK Carolina, Indiana. Minnesota and Idaho. Also
in Europe and Asia. Ground-cedar, Festoon-pine, Crow-
foot, Hogbed, Creeping Jennie.

15. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh.
Ground-pine. Fig. 114.

L. tristachyum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 653. 1814.
Lvcopodium chamaecyparissus A. Br. in Doll, Rhein.
"Fl. 36. 1843-

Horizontal stems extensively creeping i'-4' be-
low the surface of the ground, terete, sparingly
branched, with numerous erect or assurgent
repeatedly-forked aerial stems, the branches of
these glaucous, narrow, somewhat flattened, with
very numerous, crowded, erect divisions ; ulti-
mate divisions leafy throughout, the leaves
4-ranked, minute, imbricate, appressed, strongly
decurrent, nearly equal and alike, those of the
under row scarcely differing from the others,
those of the lateral rows a little thicker, with
the tips usually incurved downward ; peduncles
3'-S' long, bracteate, usually 2 (casually 3) times
dichotomous at the summit ; spike and sporophyls
similar to those of the preceding.

In dryish open woods or clearings, usually in sandy
soil, northern Maine to Minnesota and Georgia.
Also in Europe. Early August.

Family 10. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Native Ferns 103. 1881.

Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching stems and
scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two
types spreading in two planes. Sporanges i-celled, solitary in the axils of
leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes, some
containing 4 megaspores (megasporanges), others containing numerous micro-
spores (microsporanges), which develop into small prothallia, those from the
megaspores bearing archegones, those from the microspores antherids.

The family consists of the following genus :

i. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Prodr. Aetheog. 101. 1805.
Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of some Lycopodium.]

About 340 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the tropics. Besides the following
some five others occur in western North America. Type species : Lycopodium selaginoides L.
Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked.

Stems compact with rigid leaves; spikes quadrangular. i. S. rupestris.

Stems slender ; leaves lax, spreading ; spikes enlarged, scarcely quadrangular. 2. S. selaginoides.
Stem-leaves of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 3. S. apus.

GENUS i.

SELAGINELLA FAMILY

i. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring.

Rock Selaginella. Festoon-pine.

Fig. 115

Lycopodium rupestre L. Sp. PI. 1101. 1753.
Selaginella rupestris Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras.
i 2 : 118. 1840.

Stems densely tufted, with occasional sterile
runners and sub-pinnate branches, i'-3' his n >
commonly curved when dry. Leaves rigid,
appressed-imbricated, i" or less long, linear
or linear-lanceolate, convex on the back, more
or less ciliate, many-ranked, tipped with a dis-
tinct transparent awn ; spikes sessile at the
ends of the stem or branches, strongly quad-
rangular, 6"-i2" long, about i" thick; bracts
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, broader
than the leaves of the stem ; megasporanges
and microsporanges borne in the same spikes,
the former more abundant.

On dry rocks, New England and Ontario to
Georgia and the middle West. Ascends to at
least 2000 ft. in Virginia. Dwarf club-moss.
Christmas-evergreen. Resurrection-plant. Aug.-
Oct.

2. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link.
Low Selaginella. Fig. 116.

Lycopodium selaginoides L. Sp. PI. 1101. 1753.
S. spinosa Beauv. Prodr. Aetheog. 112. 1805.
Selaginella selaginoides Link, Fil. Hort. Berol.
158. 1841.

Sterile branches prostrate-creeping, slender,
'-2' long, the fertile erect or ascending,
thicker, i'-3' high, simple; leaves lanceolate,
acute, lax and spreading, sparsely spinulose-
ciliate, i"-2" long; spikes solitary at the ends
of the fertile branches, enlarged, oblong-linear,
subacute, i' or less long, 2."-2\" thick ; bracts
of the spike lax, ascending, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, strongly ciliate.

On wet rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to
New Hampshire, Michigan and Colorado. Also
in northern Europe, Greenland and Asia. Moun-
tain-moss. Prickly club-moss. Summer.

3. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring.
Creeping Selaginella. Fig. 117.

Lycopodium apodum L. Sp. PI. 1105. 1753.
S. apus Spring in Mart. Fl. Bras, i 2 : 119. 1840.

Annual, light green, stems prostrate-
creeping, i '-4' long, much branched, flac-
cid, angled on the face. Leaves minute,
membranous, of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spread-
ing in 2 planes ; upper leaves of the lower
plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate,
acute, serrulate, not distinctly ciliate ; leaves
of the upper plane ovate, short-cuspidate ;
spikes 3"-8" long, obscurely quadrangular;
bracts ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate,
acutely keeled in the upper half; megaspo-
ranges more abundant toward the base of the
spike.

In moist shaded_ places, often among grass,
Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Terri-
tory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas.
Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.

5

ISOETACEAE.

VOL. 1.

Family n. ISOETACEAE Underw. Native Ferns, 104. 1881.

Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short buried 2-lobed or
3-lobed trunk (stem) sending out abundant roots and sending up a compact tuft
of rush-like leaves. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the leaves, some containing
megaspores (megaspo ranges), others microspores (microsporanges) ; the former
germinate into prothallia bearing only archegones, the latter into prothallia bear-
ing usually only a single antherid.

i. ISOETES L. Sp. PI. i too. 1753.

Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl-shaped leaves
rising from a more or less 2-3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with or without peripheral
bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above
the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bases of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the
sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf-base (velum). The
sporanges of the outer leaves usually contain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores,
those of the inner ones contain minute powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name Greek,
taken from Pliny, apparently referring to the persistent green leaves.]

The family consists of the following genus only.

About 60 species, widely distributed. Besides the following 2 are known from the southern
United States, 7 from the Pacific Coast and 2 from Mexico. Owing to their aquatic habitat and
apparently local distribution, these plants are popularly little known. The spores mature in summer
and autumn. Type species : Isoetes lacustris L.

Leaves without peripheral bast bundles.

Leaves without stomata ; plants submerged.

Leaves stiff and erect. I. 7. macrospora.

Leaves slender and mostly recurved.

Leaves about l / 2 " in diameter. 2. I. Tnckermanii.

Leaves at least 1^/2" in diameter. 3. 7. hieroglyphica.

Leaves with stomata ; plants partially submerged, or emersed.
Leaves green.

Macrospores armed with spines. 4. 7. Brannii.

Macrospores without spines, merely crested or warted.

Leaves z'-j,' long; macrospores less than 550/4 in diameter. 5. 7. saccharata.

Leaves 4'-8' long ; macrospores about 6oo/x in diameter. 6. I. riparia.

Leaves reddish, or rarely olive green. 7. 7. foveolata.

Leaves with stomata and bast bundles.

Aquatic, but usually inhabiting the water's edge, sometimes completely emersed.
Leaves from i2'~3o' long; macrospores with convolute labyrinthine ridges.

8. 7.

Leaves shorter ; macrospores otherwise marked.

Bast bundles only 4, except in some forms of 7. Engelmanni.
Monoecious.

Macrospores coarsely crested. 9. 7.

Macrospores merely reticulated. 10. 7.

Polygamous; microspores rare. u. /.

Bast bundles 4, with extra ones near periphery. 12. 7.

Terrestrial, or rarely growing near water's edge. 13. 7.

Eatoni.

Dodgei.
Engelmanni.
Gravesii
melanopoda.
Bit tier i.

i. Isoetes macrospora Durieu. Lake Quill-
wort. Fig. 118.

Isoetes macrospora Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, n :

101. 1864.
Isoetes heterospora A. A. Eaton, Fernwort Papers 8.

1900.

Submerged or rarely above water in dry seasons ;
leaves 10-30, rigid, rather thick, scarcely tapering,
dark or olive green, obtusely quadrangular, 2'-6'
long; stomata none; peripheral bast-bundles want-
ing; sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, unspotted;
velum rather narrow ; ligule triangular, short or
somewhat elongated ; macrospores 600-800 M in
diameter, marked all over with distinct or somewhat
confluent crests, and bearing three converging ridges;
microspores 30-46 M long, smooth or papillose.

In i-5 of water, Labrador to the Northwest Terri-
tory, south to eastern Massachusetts and New Jersey.
Formerly confused with Isoetes lacustris L., of the
Old World.

GENUS i.

QUILLWORT FAMILY.

2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. Tuckerman's
Quillwort. Fig. 119.

Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,

676. 1867.
Isoetes Tuckermani borealis A. A. Eaton, Fernwort

Papers 10. 1900.
Isoetes Harveyi A. A. Eaton, Fernwort Papers n. 1900.

Submerged or rarely partly or wholly emersed
during very dry seasons; leaves 10-40, very slender,
tapering, olive-green, quadrangular, 2'-$' long, with-
out peripheral bast-bundles, the outer recurved ;
sporange oblong, mostly white, its upper one-third
covered by the velum; macroscpores 440-785 M in
diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel and branch-
ing ridges on the upper half, separated by the three
converging ridges, the lower covered with an ir-
regular network; microspores 26-42 /* long, nearly
smooth, or with minute spines.

In ponds, Newfoundland to Massachusetts and Con-
necticut ; clustered in shallow water.

3. Isoetes hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton.
Warty Quillwort. Fig. 120.

Isoetes hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton, Fernwort
Papers 10. 1900.

Submerged with a bilobed trunk. Leaves
10-20, 2i'-3' long, blunt at the apex, without
stomata ; sporange spotted with dark cells,
covered one-third to two-thirds by the velum ;
macrospores 486-720 /* in diameter, polished,
covered with bold vermiform, subconfluent
and somewhat reticulated ridges, becoming
naked near the equator; microspores 31-44 M
in diameter, distinctly verrucose.

Nova Scotia to Quebec and- Maine ; usually
growing in ponds and lakes.

4. Isoetes Braunii Durieu. Braun's Quillwort.
Fig. 121.

Isoetes Braunii Durieu, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, n : 101.

1864.
Isoetes echinospora var. Braunii Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 676. 1867.
Isoetes echinospora Boottii Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed.

5, 676. 1867.
Isoetes echinospora robusta Engelm. Trans. St. Louis

Acad. 4: 380. 1882.
Isoetes echinospora muricata Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 5, 676. 1867.

Submerged or in dry seasons emersed, leaves 10-70,
tapering, soft, green, 3'-i2' long, without peripheral bast-
bundles, bearing stomata only toward the tip ; sporange
orbicular or broadly elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-
fourths covered with the velum ; macrospores 400-620 M
in diameter, covered with broad spinules which are
often slightly confluent and incised at the tips ; micro-
spores 25-32 ^ long, smooth.

Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and California.

5 2

ISOETACEAE.

VOL. I.

5. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. Sugary Quill-
wort. Fig. 122.

Isoetes saccharata Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 676.
1867.

Amphibious or uliginous with a flat depressed trunk.
Leaves 10-30, green, pale at the base, spreading, 2'-$'
long, quadrangular, bearing numerous stomata ;
sporange oblong, unspotted, with a narrow velum
covering only one-fourth or one-third of its surface;
peripheral bast-bundles wanting; ligule triangular,
rather short; macrospores 420-510 M in diameter, with
very minute distinct or rarely confluent warts as if
sprinkled with grains of sugar; microspores sparingly
papillose, 22-30 M long.

In mud overflowed by the tides, eastern Maryland
and District of Columbia.

6. Isoetes riparia Engelm. Riverbank
Ouillwort. Fig. 123.

Isoetes riparia Engelm.; A. Br. Flora, 29: 178. 1846.

Amphibious or uliginous, usually emersed when
mature; leaves 10-30, green, rather rigid, 4'-8'
long, quadrangular, bearing numerous stomata ;
peripheral bast-bundles wanting; ligule rather
short, triangular ; sporange mostly oblong, dis-
tinctly spotted with groups of brown cells, one-
fourth to three-fourths covered with the velum;
macrospores 450-756 /* in diameter, marked with
distinct or anastomosing jagged crests or some-
what reticulate on the lower side ; microspores
28-32 M long, more or less tuberculate.

Borders of the lower Delaware River.

7. Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton. Pitted Quillwort. Fig. 124.

Isoetes foi'eolata A. A. Eaton ; Dodge, Ferns
and Fern Allies of New Eng. 38. 1896.

Isoetes foveolata plenrospora A. A. Eaton,
Rhodora 5: 280. 1903.

Amphibious from a bilobed or rarely
trilobed base. Leaves 15-70, stout, 2'-6'
long, pinkish even when dry, or rarely
dark green ; stomata scattered, found only
near the tips ; no peripheral bast-bundles ;
monoicous or becoming dioicous; velum
covering J or J of the sporange; ligule
round-ovate ; sporanges thickly sprinkled
with dark cells which are often collected
in groups ; macrospores 380-560 M, covered
beneath with very thick-walled reticulations,
the openings appearing like little pits; re-
ticulations elongate on the upper surface
of the spore; microspores dark brown.
22 ~35 M long, densely reticulate and usually
slightly papillose.

In muddy banks, New Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut.

GENUS I.

QUILLWORT FAMILY.

53

8. Isoetes Eatoni Dodge. Eaton's
Quillwort. Fig. 125.

Isoetes Eatoni Dodge, Ferns and Fern Allies of
New Eng. 39. 1896.

Amphibious from a large trunk i'-ii' in
diameter. Leaves of the submerged plant 30-
200, varying in length up to 28', marked with
an elevated ridge on the ventral side ; leaves
of the emersed plant shorter, 3-6; stomata
abundant ; peripheral bast-bundles irregular in
occurrence or often wanting ; velum covering
i of the sporange, polygamous ; sporanges
large, 0.4' by 0.15', pale spotted; macrospores
small, 300-450 n in diameter, marked with con-
volute labyrinthine ridges and cristate on the
angles of the inner face; microspores 25-30 M
in diameter, minutely tuberculate.

In mud flats, New Hampshire to New Jersey.

9. Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton. Dodge's
Quillwort. Fig. 126.

Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 6 : 6. 1898.
Isoetes canadensis A. A. Eaton, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 23: 650. 1901.

Plant amphibious from a bilobed trunk.
Leaves 10-75, 8'-i8' long when submersed,
erect, or spirally ascending when scattered ;
emersed leaves 4'-6' long, tortuous and often
interlaced, with numerous stomata and usually
4 bast-bundles ; velum narrow, covering J to i
of the sporange ; sporanges thickly sprinkled
with light brown cells ; macrospores more
numerous on submersed plants, globose, 500-
675 jn in diameter, sparsely covered with ir-
regular crests which at maturity separate into
irregular groups leaving bare spaces, serrate
or spinulose at the top ; microspores more
numerous on ernersed plants, 22-44 /*, ashy,
papillose or wrinkled.

Growing in mud flats, East Kingston, New
Hampshire.

10. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Engelmann's
Quillwort. Fig. 127.

Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Flora, 29: 178. .1846.
Isoetes Engelmanni fontana A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 13 :

52. 1905.
Isoetes Engelmanni gracilis Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 5, 677. 1867.
Isoetes Engelmanni valida Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. s, 677. 1867.

Amphibious, usually partly emersed when mature.
Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering,
9'-2o' long, bearing abundant stomata ; peripheral
bast-bundles present ; monoecious ; sporange oblong
or linear-oblong, unspotted ; velum narrow ; macro-
spores 320-750 M in diameter, covered with honey-
comb-like reticulations ; microspores 24-30 /* long,
mostly smooth.

In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud. Maine to Vir-
ginia and Pennsylvania, Illinois and Missouri.

54

ISOETACEAE.

VOL. I.

ii. Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton.
Grave's Quillwort. Fig. 128.

Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton, Fernwort
Papers 14. 1900.

Polygamous; leaves 20-150, s'-u'
long and i"-i-J" in diameter, erect,
reddish or dark green ; sporanges
with an abundance of light brown
cells, -J covered by the velum;
macrospores 351-405 /* in diameter,
the upper hemisphere depressed,
covered with short truncate single
columns; microspores 22-30 M long,
high-cristate or tuberculate.

Edges of ponds and streams ; Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut.

12. Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay. Black-based
Quillwort. Fig. 129.

7. melanopoda J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, n : 102. 1864.
Terrestrial with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk.
Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a black-
ish shining base, s'-i8' long, triangular, bearing stromata
throughout, well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick
dissepiments and small air cavities within ; ligule tri-
angular, awl-shaped; sporange mostly oblong, spotted,
with a narrow velum ; polygamous ; macrospores 250-
400 /* in diameter, with low more or less confluent
tubercles, often united into worm-like wrinkles, or
almost smooth ; microspores 23-30 M long, spinulose.

In moist prairies and overflowed fields, Illinois to Iowa
Oklahoma and California.

13. Isoetes Butleri Engelm. Butler's Quillwort.
Fig. 130.

Isoetes Butleri .Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 3: i. 1878.

Terrestrial from a subglobose trunk. Leaves 8-60,
bright green, paler at the base, triangular, 3'-7' long,
bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed
peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small
air cavities within ; sporange usually oblong, spotted ;
velum very narrow or none; ligule small, triangular;
dioecious ; macrospores 400-630 M in diameter, with
distinct or confluent tubercles ; " microspores 28-34 f-
long, dark brown, papillose."

On rocky hillsides, Illinois and Kansas, southward to
Tennessee and Oklahoma

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS. 55

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.

SEED-BEARING PLANTS.

Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or more
rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a terminal
bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferentiated before germination.
Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the
apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macrosporanges (ovules) are
borne on the face of a flat or inrolled much modified leaf (carpel) and contain
one macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops the minute female prothallium, an
archegone of which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of
the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen-grain.

The Seed-bearing plants form the most numerous group in existence, not less than 120,-
ooo species being known. The subkingdom was formerly known as Phanerogamia, or Phae-
nogamia and more recently as Anthophyta, this term signifying the presence of flowers,
which characterizes most of the group. But the consideration that the spore-bearing organs
of the Pine Family cannot well be regarded as flowers, and the fact that the production of
seeds is the most characteristic difference between these plants and the Pteridophyta, are
reasons which have led to the acceptance of the term here adopted.

There are two classes in the subkingdom, which differ from each other as follows :
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale; stigmas none. Class i. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary). Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Class i. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this represented by
a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (microspores) dividing at maturity
into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothal-
lium), which directly fertilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female
prothallium) in the ovule.

The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became most
numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 500 species of trees
and shrubs.

There are three orders, Coniferales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the first of which is represented
in our area by the Pine and Yew Families.

Family i. PINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 313. 1836.

PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale-like
leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids marked by
large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes (aments).
Perianth none. Stamens several together, subtended by a scale ; filaments more
or less united; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously dehiscent; pollen-
grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integu-
ments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the
surface of a scale, which is subtended by a bract in most genera. Fruit a cone
with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales ; sometimes berry-
like. Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo
straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several.

About 25 genera and 240 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions.
Scales of the cone numerous (except in Larix) ; leaf-buds scaly.

Cone-scales woody ; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. i. Finns.

Cone-scales thin ; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths.

Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. Larix.
Leaves scattered, persistent.

Cones pendulous ; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata.

Leaves tetragonal, sessile. 3. Picea.

Leaves flat, short-petipled. 4. Tsitga.

Cones erect ; sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. Abies.
Scales of the cone few (3-12) ; leaf-buds naked.

Cone-scales spiral, thick ; leaves deciduous. 6. Taxodium.
Cone-scales opposite ; leaves persistent.

Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 7. Thuja.

Cone globose, its scales peltate. 8. Chamaecyparis.

Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. Juniperus.

PINACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1000. 1753.

Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-like, decidu-
ous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising from the axils
of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some western species), subtended by the
bud-scales, some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate aments borne at the
bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of
a minute scale; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, com-
posed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil,
ripening into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and
becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa crustaceous.
[Name Celtic. The popular names of the species are much confused.]

About ioo species, natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, 25 others
occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Pinus sylvestris L., of Europe.
The group of which Pinus Strobus L. is the type is regarded by some authors as a distinct genus.

Leaves 5 in a sheath; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. i. P. Strobus.

Leaves 2 or 3 in a sheath ; cone-scales much thickened at the tip.

Cones terminal or subterminal. f

Leaves 2 in a sheath; cones i^'-2^' long, their scales pointless. 2. P. resinosa.

Leaves 3 in a sheath; cones 4'-io' long, their scales prickle-tipped.

Cones light, 6'-io' long ; leaves io'-i6' long. 3. P. palustris.

Cones very heavy and woody, z'-^A' long; leaves 3'-6' long. 4. P. scopulorum.

Cones lateral.

Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle; leaves in 2*s. 5. P. Banksiana.

Cone-scales tipped with a spine or prickle.
Leaves some or all of them in a's.

Cones i l /2'-2 l /2 r long, their scales tipped with prickles.

Leaves stout, iH'~ 2 H' long. 6. P. virginiana.

Leaves slender, 3'-s' long. 7. P. echinata.

Cones 3 J A'-s' long, their scales tipped with very stout short spines.

8. P. pungcns.
Leaves in 3*3 (very rarely some in a's or 4*s).

Cones oblong-conic; leaves 6'-io' long; old sheaths 6"-io" long. 9. P. Taeda.
Cones ovoid.

Leaves 3'-s' long; cone-scales with stiff prickles. 10. P. rigida.

Leaves 6'-io' long; cone-scales with small slender deciduous or obsolete prickles.

ii. P. scrotina.

i. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Fig. 131.

Pinus Strobus L. Sp. PI. 1001. 1753.

A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height
of over 225 and a trunk diameter of ioi, the
bark nearly smooth except when old, the branches
horizontal, verticillate. Leaves 5 in a sheath, very
slender, pale green and glaucous, 3'-$' long, with
a single fibro-vascular bundle, the dorsal side
devoid of stomata ; sheath loose, deciduous ;
ovule-bearing aments terminal, peduncled ; cones
subterminal, drooping, cylindric, often s-lightly
curved, 4'-6' long, about i' thick when the scales
are closed, resinous ; scales but slightly thickened
at the apex, obtuse and rounded or nearly trun-
cate, without a terminal spine or prickle.

In woods, often forming dense forests, Newfound-
land to Manitoba, south to Delaware, along the
Alleghanies to Georgia and to Illinois and Iowa.
Ascends to 4300 ft. in North Carolina and to 2500
ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood light brown or nearly
white, soft, compact, one of the most valuable of
timbers ; weight per cubic foot, 24 Ibs. June. Called
also Soft, Deal, Northern or Soruce-pine.

GENUS I.

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

57

2. Pinus resinosa Ait. Canadian Pine.
Red Pine. Fig. 132.

Finns resinosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789.

A tall forest tree, reaching a maximum height
of about 150 and a trunk diameter of 5, the bark
reddish, rather smooth, flaky when old. Leaves 2
in each sheath, slender, dark green, 4'-6' long,
with 2 fibro-vascular bundles; sheaths 6"-i2"
long when young; staminate aments 6"-o/' long;
cones subterminal spreading, oval-conic, \\'-2\'
long, usually less than i' thick while the scales are
closed; scales thickened at the apex, obtuse,
rounded and devoid of spine or prickle.

In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Minne-
sota. Wood compact, not strong, light red ; weight
per cubic foot 30 Ibs. May-June. Called also
hard- and norway-pine.

3. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Georgia Pine. Fig. 133.

Finns palustris Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 14. 1768.
Pinus australis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i : 64. pi. 6. 1810.

A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 120 and
a trunk diameter of 5, the bark nearly smooth. Leaves
in 3*5, slender, dark green, clustered at the ends of the
branches, much elongated, 8'-i6' long, with 2 fibro-
vascular bundles; sheaths i'-ii' long; buds long; stami-
nate aments rose-purple, 2'-$' long, very conspicuous;
cones terminal, spreading or erect, conic-cylindric, 6'-io'
long, 2'-3' thick before the scales open ; scales thickened
at the apex, which is provided with a transverse ridge
bearing a short central recurved prickle.

In sandy, mostly dry soil, often forming extensive for-
ests, southern Virginia to Alabama, Florida and Texas,
mostly near the coast. Wood hard, strong, compact, light
red or orange ; weight per cubic foot 44 Ibs. This tree is
the chief source of our turpentine, tar, rosin, and their
derivatives. Also known as Southern, Yellow, Hard or
Pitch Pine ; Fat, Heart, Turpentine-pine ; Virginia, Florida,
Texas Yellow and Long-straw pine ; Pine-broom and White
Rosin-tree. March-April.

4. Pinus scopulorum ( Engelm. ) Lemmon. Rock
Pine. Fig. 134.

P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelm. in Brewer & Watson,

Bot. Cal. 2: 126. 1880.
P. scopulorum Lemmon Card. & For. 10 : 183. 1897.

A large tree, attaining a maximum height of about
120 and a trunk diameter of 3*. Branches widely
spreading or somewhat drooping; bark nearly black,
scaly; leaves in 3*5 (rarely some of them in 2's), rather
stout, 3'-6' long; cones subterminal, very dense and
heavy, ovoid-conic, 3 / -4 / long, ij'-2i' thick; scales thick-
ened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, with a
short slender recurved prickle.

South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas, Utah and Arizona.
Wood hard, strong, light brown ; weight per cubic foot
29 Ibs. United in first edition with Pinus ponderosa
Dougl. April-May. Long-leaved, Red, Bull, Western
pitch, and Gambier Parry's-pine.

PINACEAE.

VOL. I.

5. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Labrador Pine.
Gray Pine. Fig. 135.

Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3 : 366.

1789.

Pinus Banksiana I.amb. Pinus, i: 7. pi. 5. 1803.
Pinus divaricata Gordon, Pinetum, 163. 1858.

A slender tree, usually 40-60 high, but sometimes
reaching 100, and a trunk diameter of 3, the branches
spreading, the bark becoming flaky. Leaves in 2's,
stout, stiff, more or less curved, spreading or oblique,
light green, crowded along the branches, seldom over
i' long; fibre-vascular bundles 2; cones commonly very
numerous, lateral, oblong-conic, usually upwardly
curved, i'-2 r long, 9"-i5" thick when mature; scales
thickened at the end, the transverse ridge a mere line
with a minute central point in place of spine or prickle
at maturity; young scales spiny-tipped.

In sandy soil, sometimes forming extensive forests, Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay and the
Northwest Territory, south to Maine, northern New York, northern Illinois and Minnesota. Wood
soft, weak, compact, light brown ; weight per cubic foot 27 Ibs. Also called Hudson Bay Pine,
Northern scrub-pine ; Black, Bank's-, Shore-, Jack- and Rock-pine ; Unlucky-tree. May-June.

6. Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub
Pine. Fig. 136.

Pinus virginiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 9. 1768.
Pinus inops Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 367. 1789.

A slender tree, usually small, but sometimes at-
taining a height of 110 and a trunk diameter of 3,
the old bark dark colored, flaky, the branches spread-
ing or drooping, the twigs glaucous. Leaves in 2*s,
dark green, rather stout and stiff, \\'-2.\' long, with
2 fibre-vascular bundles; young sheaths rarely more
than 2\" long; cones commonly few, lateral, recurved
when young, spreading when old, oblong-conic, \\'-
2!' long, their scales somewhat thickened at the apex,
the low transverse ridge with a short more or less
recurved prickle.

In sandy soil, Long Island, New York to Georgia,
Alabama and southern Indiana and Tennessee, sometimes
forming forests. Ascends to 3300 ft. in Virginia.
Wood soft, weak, brittle, light orange ; weight per cubic
foot 33 Ibs. April-May. Called also Short-shucks,
Short-leaved or Short-shot Pine ; Spruce, Cedar, Nigger
and River-pine.

7. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Spruce
Pine. Fig. 137.

Pinus echinata Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 12. 1768.
Pinus mitis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 204. 1803.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about
120 and a trunk diameter of 4i, the branches spreading,
the old bark rough in plates. Leaves some in 2 ? s, some in
3's, slender, not stiff, dark green, 3'-$' long, spreading when
mature ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 5"-8"
long; cones lateral, oblong-conic, about 2' long, usually
less than i' thick when the scales are closed; scales thick-
ened at the apex, marked with a prominent transverse ridge
and armed with a slender small nearly straight early de-
ciduous prickle.

In sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, west to
Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Wood heavy, strong, orange ;
one of the most valuable timbers ; weight per cubic foot 38
Ibs. Also called Short-leaved or Short-shot Pine, and Bull,
Carolina, Pitch, and Slash-pine. May-June.

GENUS I.

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

59'

8. Pinus pungens Lambert. Table-Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.. Fig. 138.

Finns pungens Lambert ; Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. i : 61.
pi. 5. 1810.

A tree with a maximum height of about 60 and
trunk diameter of 3^, the branches spreading, the old
rough bark in flakes. Leaves mostly in 2's, some in 3's,
stout and stiff, light green, 2^-4' long, crowded on the
twigs ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 5"-8"
long; cones lateral, usually clustered, long-persistent on
the branches, ovoid, 3i'-5' long, 2'~3' thick while the
scales are closed, nearly globular when these are ex-
panded ; scales very thick and woody, their ends with a
large elevated transverse ridge, centrally tipped by a
stout reflexed or spreading spine 2"-2i" long.

In woods, sometimes forming forests, western New
Jersey and central Pennsylvania to Georgia and Tennes-
see. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Wood soft,
weak, brittle, light brown; weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs.
May. Called also Prickly pine, Southern Mountain-pine.

9. Pinus Taeda L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Fig. 139.

Finns Taeda L. Sp. PI. 1000. 1753.

A large forest tree, reaching, under favorable con-
ditions, a height of 150 and a trunk diameter of 5,
the branches spreading, the bark thick and. rugged, flaky
in age. Leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's),
slender, not stiff, light green, ascending or at length
spreading, 6'-io' long; fibro-vascular bundles 2; sheaths
8"-i2" long when young; cones lateral, spreading,
oblong-conic, 3 '-5' long, i'-i|' thick before the scales
open ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge
prominent, acute, tipped with a central short triangular
reflexed-spreading spine.

Southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near
the coast, north through the Mississippi Valley to Ar-
kansas. Wood not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light
brown ; weight per cubic foot 34 Ibs. Springs up in old
fields or in clearings. Also called Frankincense, Sap, Torch,
Slash, Swamp, Bastard, Long-straw or Indian-pine ; Long-
shucks ; Foxtail, Shortleaf, and Rosemary pine. April-
May.

10. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Torch Pine. Fig. 140.
Pinus rigida Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 10. 1768.

A forest tree reaching a maximum height of about
80 and a trunk diameter of 3, the branches spreading,
the old bark rough, furrowed, flaky in strips. Leaves
in 3's (very rarely some in 4's), stout and stiff, rather
dark green, 3'~5' long, spreading when mature ; fibro-
vascular bundles 2; sheaths 4"-6" long when young;
cones lateral, ovoid, ii'-3' long, becoming nearly glob-
ular when the scales open, commonly numerous and
clustered ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse
ridge acute, provided with a stout central triangular
recurved-spreading prickle.

In dry, sandy or rocky soil, New Brunswick to Georgia,
west to southern Ontario, Ohio, West Virginia, Tennessee
and Alabama. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. This forms
most of the " pine barrens " of Long Island and New
Jersey. Wood soft, brittle, coarse-grained, light reddish-
brown ; weight per cubic foot 32 Ibs. Also called Sap.
Hard, Yellow, and Black Norway or Candlewood-pine ;
produces shoots from cut stumps. April-May. Leaves
sometimes only i l / 2 ' long on mountain trees.

-6o

PINACEAE.

VOL. I.
Pond Pine.

ii. Pinus serotina Michx.
Fig. 141.

P. serotina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 105. 1803.

A tree of ponds and swamps, reaching a
maximum height of about 75 and a trunk
diameter of 3, its trunk usually short, the
bark fissured into small plates. Leaves in 3*5
(rarely some in 4*3), pale green, glaucous,
6'-io' long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles ;
sheaths about \' long; cones ovoid to globular-
ovoid, about 2\' long, the scales bearing a
slender, incurved, usually deciduous prickle.

Atlantic coastal plain, southern New Jersey ;
Virginia to Florida. Wood soft, brittle, coarse-
grained ; weight per cubic foot about 49 Ibs.

Pinus sylvestris L., the Scotch Pine, of
northern Europe, which resembles P. resinosa
Ait. in having two needles to each sheath and
unarmed cone-scales, is much planted for orna-
ment and has become established on the coasts
of Maine and Massachusetts.

2. LARIX [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PL 2: 480. 1763.

Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear deciduous
leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branchlets. Aments short,
lateral, monoecious, the staminate from leafless buds ; the ovule-bearing buds commonly leafy
at the base, and the aments red. Anther-sacs 2-celled, the sacs transversely or obliquely
dehiscent. Pollen-grains simple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin,
spirally arranged, obtuse, persistent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ripening into 2
reflexed somewhat winged seeds. [Name ancient, probably Celtic.]

About 9 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, 2
others occur in western North America. Type species: Larix Larix (L.) Karst., of Europe, much
planted for ornament, and reported as established in Connecticut.

i. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. American
Larch. Tamarack. Fig. 142.

Pinus laricina Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49. 1771.
Pinus pendula Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 369. 1789.
Larix americana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 203. 1803.
Larix laricina Koch, Dendrol. 2 : Part 2, 263. 1873.

A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of
about 100 and a trunk diameter of 3, the branches
spreading, the bark close or at length slightly scaly.
Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, s"-i2"
long, about \" wide, deciduous in late autumn ; fasci-
cles borne on short lateral branchlets about 2" long;
cones shprt-peduncled at the ends of similar branch-
lets, ovoid, obtuse, 6"-8" long, composed of about 12
suborbicular thin scales, their margins entire or
slightly lacerate.

In swampy woods and about margins of lakes, New-
foundland to the Northwest Territory, south to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Minnesota. Wood
hard, strong, very durable, resinous, light brown ; weight
per cubic ft. 39 Ibs. Called also Hackmatack, Hack-
mak, Black or Red Larch, Juniper Cypress. March-
April.

3. PICEA Link, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1827 : 179. 1827-1830.

Evergreen conical trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves spreading in all directions, jointed
at the base to short persistent sterigmata, on which they are sessile, falling away in drying,
the bare twigs appearing covered with low truncate projections. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate
aments axillary, nearly sessile ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, the con-
nective prolonged into an appendage; pollen-grains compound ; ovule-bearing aments, terminal,
ovoid or oblong; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into 2 more or less
winged seeds. Cones ovoid to oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally
arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. [Name ancient.]

About 1 8 species, of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, 5 others
occur in the northwestern parts of North America. Type species: Picea Abies (L.) Karst., of
Europe, which is much planted for ornament and is reported as spontaneous in Connecticut.
Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, glaucous; cones oblong-cylindric. i. P. canadensis.

Twigs pubescent, brown ; cones ovoid or oval.

Leaves glaucous ; cones persistent. 2. P. mariana.

Leaves not glaucous ; cones deciduous. 3. P. rtibens.

GENUS 3.

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

i. Picea canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P. White or
Pine Spruce. Fig. 143.

Abies canadensis Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768.

Finns alba Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 371. 1789.

Picea alba Link, Linnaea, 15: 519. 1841.

Picea canadensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888.

A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of
about 110 and a trunk diameter of 3, but usually
much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, pale
and glaucous ; leaves light green, slender, 6"-8" long,
very acute; cones cylindric or oblong-cylindric, pale,
i '-2' long, 6"-8" thick before the scales open; scales
almost membranaceous, their margins usually quite
entire ; bracts incised.

Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to
Maine, northern New York, Michigan and South Da-
kota. Wood soft, weak, light yellow ; weight per cubic

foot 25 Ibs. Called also Cat Pine or Spruce ; and Single. ..

Black or Skunk-spruce. Sometimes with a skunk-like odor. April-May

2. Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.

Black Spruce. Fig. 144.
1768.

Abies mariana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 5.
Pinus nigra Ait. Hort Kew. 3: 370. 1789.
Abies nigra Desf. Hist. Arb. 2: 580. 1809.
Picea nigra Link, Linnaea, 15: 520. 1841.
Picea mariana B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888.
Picea brevifolia Peck, Spruces of the Adirondacks 13.

1897.

A slender tree, sometimes 90 high, the trunk reaching a
diameter of 2-3, the branches spreading, the bark only
slightly roughened. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata pubes-
cent ; leaves thickly covering the twigs, deep green, glau-
cous stout, straight or curved, rarely more than \' long,
obtuse or merely mucronate at the apex ; cones oval or
ovoid, i'-ii' long, persistent on the twigs for two or more
seasons, their scales with entire or erose margins.

Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory,
south to New Jersey, along the higher Alleghanies to North
Carolina and to Michigan and Minnesota. Wood soft, weak,
pale red or nearly white ; weight per cubic foot 28 Ibs.
Called also Yew or Spruce Pine ; He Balsam ; Spruce Gum-
tree ; Juniper ; and Blue, Double, White and Cat Spruce.

3. Picea rubens Sargent. Red Spruce.
Fig- .145-

Pin us rubra Lamb. Pinus, i : 43. pi. 28. 1803.

Not Mill.

Picea rubra Dietr. Fl. Berl. 2: 795. 1824.
Picea rubens Sargent, Silva N. A. 12: 33. 1898.

A slender tree, sometimes reaching a height
of 100 and a trunk diameter of 4, the
branches spreading, the bark reddish, nearly
smooth. Twigs slender, sparingly pubescent ;
sterigmata glabrate ; leaves light green, slender,
straight or sometimes incurved, very acute at
the apex, 5"-8" long; cones ovoid or oval,
seldom more than ij' long, deciduous at the
end of the first season or during the winter,
their scales undulate or lacerate.

Newfoundland to northern New York, Minne-
sota and along the higher Alleghanies to Vir-
ginia and Georgia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in the
Adirondacks. Wood similar to that of the pre-
ceding species. May-June.

Picea australis Small, of the high southern
Alleghanies with very slender leaves, glabrous
sterigmata and smaller cones, may be specifically
distinct.

62

PINACEAE.

VOL. I.

4. TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 185. 1855.

Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly linear scat-
tered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2-ranked, jointed to very short sterigmata
and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, short or subglo-
bose; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective slightly produced beyond
them ; pollen-grains simple. Ovule-bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the
bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous,
their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.]

About 7 species ; the following in North America, 2 in northwestern North America, 3 or
4 Asiatic. Type species: Tsuga Sieboldi Carr. (Abies Tsuga Sieb. & Zucc.) of Japan.
Cones 6"-io" long, their scales remaining appressed. i. T. canadensis.

Cones i'-ij4' long, their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. caroliniana.

i. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hem-
lock. Fig. 146.

Finns canadensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1421. 1763.
Abies canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 206.

1803.
Tsuga canadensis Carr. Trait. Conif. 189. 1855.

A tall forest tree, sometimes 110 high, the
trunk reaching 4 in diameter, the lower
branches somewhat drooping, the old bark
flaky in scales. Foliage dense ; leaves obtuse,
flat, 6"-9" long, less than i" wide, dark green
above, pale beneath, the petiole less than one-
half as long as the width of the blade; cones
oblong, obtuse, as long as or slightly longer
than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, ob-
tuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely
spreading at maturity.

Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware,
along the Alleghanies to Alabama and to Michi-
gan and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the
Adirondacks. One of the most ornamental ot
evergreens when young. Wood soft, weak,
brittle, coarse-grained, light brown or nearly
white ; weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. Bark much
used in tanning. April-May. Called also Spruce
Pine, Hemlock Spruce.

2. Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina
Hemlock. Fig. 147.

Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6 :

223. 1881.
Abies caroliniana Chapm. Fl. S. States, Ed. 2,

650. 1883.

A forest tree attaining a maximum height of
about 80 and a trunk diameter of 3^, the
lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly
linear, obtuse, rather light green above, nearly
white beneath, 7"-io" long, the petiole nearly
as long as the width of the blade; cones i'-ii'
long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, ob-
long, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity.

Southwestern Virginia to South Carolina and
Georgia in the Alleghanies. Wood soft, weak,
brittle, light brown ; weight per cubic foot about
27 Ibs. A more graceful and beautiful tree than
the preceding at maturity. Ascends to 4200 ft.
in North Carolina. Called also Southern Hem-
lock. April.

5. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill, Brit. Herb. 509. 1756.

Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear
2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite per-
sistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Staminate aments
axillary; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective prolonged into a
short knob or point; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules

GENUS 5.

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

Balsam Fir. Fig. 148.

2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the thin or papery,
mucronate or aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales deciduous from
the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the firs.]

About 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous
regions. Besides the following, 8 others occur in the western parts of North America and i in
Mexico. Type species: Finns Picca L., Abies Picea (L.) Lindley, of Europe.

Bracts surrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales or but little longer. i. A. balsamea.

Bracts aristate, reflexed, much longer than the scales. 2. A. Fraseri.

i. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

Finns balsamea L. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753.

Abies balsamea Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 3.

1768.

A slender forest tree attaining a maximum
height of about 90 and a trunk diameter of
3, usually much smaller and on mountain tops
and in high arctic regions reduced to a low
shrub. Bark smooth, warty with resin "blis-
ters." Leaves fragrant in drying, less than i"
wide, 6"-io" long, obtuse, dark green above,
paler beneath or the youngest conspicuously
whitened on the lower surface ; cones cylindric,
2 r ~4' long, 9"-is" thick, upright, arranged in
rows on the upper side of the branches, violet
or purplish when young ; bracts obovate, ser-
rulate, mucronate, shorter than the broad
rounded scales.

Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay
and Alberta, south to Massachusetts, Pennsyl-
vania, along the Alleghanies to Virginia and to
Iowa and Minnesota. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the
Adirondacks. Wood soft and weak, light brown ;
weight per cubic foot 24 Ibs. Canada balsam is
derived from the resinous exudations of the
trunk. Called also Fir-tree, Fir or Blister-pine,
American Silver Fir, Single Spruce, Balm of
Gilead. May-June.

2. Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Fraser's
Balsam Fir. Fig. 149.

Pinus Fraseri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 639. 1814.
Abies Fraseri Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5 : 35.
1817.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum size
rather less than that of the preceding species,
the smooth bark bearing similar resin " blis-
ters." Leaves, especially the younger, con-
spicuously whitened beneath, s"-io" long,
nearly i" wide, emarginate or some of them
obtuse at the apex; cones oblong-cylindric or
ovoid-cylindric, 2'-$' high, about i' thick, their
scales rhomboid, much broader than high,
rounded at the apex, much shorter than the
papery bracts, which are reflexed, their sum-
mits emarginate, serrulate and aristate.

On the high Alleghanies of southwestern Vir-
ginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. Wood similar to that of the northern
species, but slightly lighter in weight. Called
also Double Spruce, She or Mountain Balsam.
May.

6. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich. Ann. Mus. Paris, 16: 298. 1810.
Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, and alternate spirally arranged sessile
linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our species, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, some
of the twigs commonly, deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments very
numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping panicled spikes, appearing before the leaves ;
anthers 2-5-celled, the sacs 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid, in small terminal clusters,
their scales few, bractless, each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose or nearly

PINACEAE.

VOL. I.

so, the scales thick and woody, rhomboid, fitting closely together by their margins, each
marked with a triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triangular-pyramidal. [Name
Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves.]

Three known species, the following of southeastern North America, one Mexican. Type
species: Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich.

Leaves linear, 2-ranked, spreading. i. T. distichum.

Leaves awl-shaped, closely appressed to the twigs. 2. T. asccndens.

i. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. Bald Cypress. Fig. 150.

Cupressus disticha L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753.

T. distichum L. C. Rich. Ann. Mus. Paris, 16 : 298. 1810.

A large forest tree, attaining a maximum height
of about 150 and a trunk diameter of 14, the old
bark flaky in thin strips. Leaves narrowly linear,
flat, thin, s"-io" long, \" or less wide, rather light
green, acute, those on some of the flowering branches
smaller, scale-like ; cones globose or slightly longer
than thick, pendent at the ends of the branches, very
compact, about i' in diameter; surfaces of the scales
irregularly rugose above the inversely triangular scar ;
seeds 4"-s" long.

In swamps and along rivers, southern New Jersey to
Florida, west to Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley
region to southern Indiana, Missouri and Arkansas.
Wood soft, not strong, brown, very durable ; weight
per cubic foot 27 Ibs. The roots develop upright conic
"knees" sometimes 4 high and i thick. Called also
White, Red, Black or Virginia Swamp-cypress; Sabino-
tree. March-April.

2. Taxodium ascendens Brongn.
Pond Cypress. Fig. 151.

Ciipressus disticha imbricaria Nutt. Gen. 2 :
224. 1818.

Taxodium asccndens Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat.
30: 182. 1833.

Taxodium imbricarium Harper, Bull. Torr.
Club 29: 383. 1902.

A tree with maximum height of about
80 and trunk diameter of about 3 above
the greatly enlarged base, tapering upward,
its thick fibrous bark deeply furrowed.
Leaves awl-shaped, closely appressed to the
slender twigs, 2"-$" long, long-pointed,
keeled above, concave beneath, the tips
somewhat spreading; cones similar to those
of T. distichum.

In ponds and swamps, southern Virginia to
Florida and Alabama. Wood heavier and
stronger than that of the Bald cypress.

7. THUJA L. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, scale-like,
appressed, imbricated, opposite, 4-ranked, those of the ultimate branchlets mostly obtuse, those
of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate. Aments monoecious, both kinds terminal, the
staminate globose ; anthers opposite, 2-4-celled, the sacs globose, 2-valved. Ovule-bearing
aments ovoid or oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2 (rarely 2-5) erect ovules.
Cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 6-10, coriaceous, opposite,
not peltate, dry, spreading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly or narrowly winged or wing-
less. [Name ancient.]

About 4 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, another
occurs from Montana, Idaho and Oregon to Alaska. Type species : Thuja occidentalis L.

GENUS 7.

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

i. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar.
Arbor Vitae. Fig. 152.

Thuja occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 1002. 1753.

A conical tree, reaching a height of about 70
and a trunk diameter of 5, the old bark decidu-
ous in ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the
ultimate branchlets nearly orbicular, obtuse,
i"-\\" broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two
other rows flat, causing the twigs to appear much
flattened ; leaves of the older twigs narrower and
longer, acute or acuminate ; cones 4" -6" long, their
scales obtuse ; seeds broadly winged.

In wet soil and along the banks of streams, form-
ing almost impenetrable forests northward, New
Brunswick to James' Bay and Manitoba, south to
New Jersey, along the Alleghanies to North Caro-
lina, Tennessee and to Illinois and Minnesota. As-
cends to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood soft,
brittle, weak, coarse-grained, light brown : weight
per cubic foot 20 Ibs. Called also False White and
Feather-leaf Cedar. May-June.

8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach, Hist. Veg. u: 329. 1842.

Evergreen trees, similar to the Thujas, with minute opposite appressed 4-ranked scale-
like leaves, or those of older twigs subulate, and small monoecious terminal aments. Stami-
nate aments as in Thuja, but the filaments broader and shield-shaped. Ovule-bearing aments
globose, their scales opposite, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones globose, the scales
thick, peltate, each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or
knob. Seeds winged. [Greek, meaning a low cypress.]

About 6 species, the following of the eastern United States, 2 in western North America,
the others Asiatic. Type species : Chamaecyparis sphacroidea Spach.

i. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.
Southern White Cedar. Fig. 153.

Cupressus thyoides L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753.
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach, Hist. Veg. n : 331.

1842.
Chamaecyparis thyoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71.

1888.

A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about
90 and a trunk diameter of 4i. Leaves of the ulti-
mate branchlets ovate, acute, scarcely \" wide, those
of the lateral rows keeled, those of the vertical rows
slightly convex, each with a minute round discoid
marking on the centre of the back, those of the
older twigs narrower and longer, subulate; cones
about 3" in diameter, blue, each of their closely
fitting scales with a small central point; seeds nar-
rowly winged.

In swamps, southern Maine and New Hampshire to
northern New Jersey, south to Florida and Mississippi,
mostly near the coast. Wood soft, weak, close-grained,
light brown; weight per cubic foot 21 Ibs. April-May.
Called also Post or Swamp Cedar, Juniper.

9. JUNIPERUS L. Sp. PI. 1038. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale-like, sessile
leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small short axillary
or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid ; anthers 2-6-cel led,
each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these
rarely verticillate in 3's, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, berry-
like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds. [Name Celtic. 1

About 40 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 10 others
occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Juniperus com muni's L.
Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate ; aments axillary.

Small erect, tree or shrub ; leaves slender, mostly straight. i. /. commitnis.

Low depressed shrub ; leaves stouter, mostly curved. 2. /. sibirica.

Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, mostly opposite ; aments terminal.

Tree ; fruit on short straight branches. 3. /. virginiana.

Depressed shrub ; fruit on short recurved branches. 4. /. horicontalis.

66

PINACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. Fig. 154.

Juniperus communis L. Sp. PI. 1040. 1753.

A low tree or erect shrub, sometimes attaining a
height of 30 and a trunk diameter of 12', usually smaller,
the branches spreading or drooping, the bark shreddy.
Leaves all subulate, rigid, spreading, or some of the
lower reflexed, mostly straight, prickly pointed, verticil-
late in 3's, often with smaller ones fascicled in their
axils, s"-io" long, less than i" wide, channeled and
commonly whitened on the upper surface ; aments axil-
lary ; berry-like cones sessile or very nearly so, dark
blue, 3 "-4" in diameter.

On dry hills, Massachusetts to Alaska, south to New
Jersey, North Carolina, Michigan, western Nebraska and
in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Ascends to
900 ft. in Pennsylvania. Also in Europe and Asia. The
fruit, called Melmot berries, is used for flavoring gin.
Called also Horse Savin, Hackmatack, Aiten. April-May.
Fruit ripe Oct.

2. Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Low Juniper. Fairy Circles. Fig. 155.

Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Anleit. 2: 124. 1787.
Juniperus nana \Yilld. Sp. PI. 4: 854. 1806.
/. communis depressa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 646. 1814.
Juniperus communis var. alpina Gaud. Fl. Helv. 6:
301. 1830.

A depressed or trailing rigid shrub, seldom over 18'
high, forming circular patches often 10 in diameter.
Leaves similar to those of the preceding species, but
stouter, similarly channeled and often whitened above,
appressed-ascending, rather rigid, spiny tipped, 4"-6"
long, mostly incurved, densely clothing the twigs,
verticillate in 3*5; aments axillary; berry-like cones
blue, 4"-$" in diameter.

In dry, open places, Labrador to British Columbia,
south to Massachusetts, New York, Michigan and in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in Europe
and Asia. Although the characteristic growth in a de-
pressed circular patch gives a very different aspect from
the true Juniper, the plant may, perhaps, be better re-
garded as a race of /. communis L. April-May.

3. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar. Savin. Fig. 156.

Juniperus virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1039. 1753.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 100
and a trunk diameter of 5, conic when young, but the
branches spreading in age so that the outline becomes
nearly cylindric. Leaves mostly opposite, all those of
young plants and commonly some of those on the older
twigs of older trees subulate, spiny-tipped, 2" -4" long,
those of the mature foliage scale-like, acute or sub-
acute, closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, caus-
ing the twigs to appear quadrangular ; aments terminal ;
berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 3" in diam-
eter, borne on straight peduncle-like branchlets of less
than their own length, i-2-seeded, maturing the first
season.

In dry soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and South
Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood soft, not
strong, straight-grained, compact, odorous, red, the sap-
wood white ; weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs. ; used in large
quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils. April-May.
Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. Called also Red Savin or Juniper ;
Juniper-bush, Carolina Cedar, Pencil-wood.

Juniperus SCOpulorum Sargent, the Rocky Mountain Red Cedar, which differs from L vir-
giniana mainly in maturing its fruit during the second season, has been reported from Nebraska.

GENUS g.

PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS.

4. Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Shrubby
Red Cedar. Creeping Juniper. Fig. 157.

Juniperus horizontalis Moench, Meth. 699. 1794.

Juniperus prostrata Pers. Syn. 2: 632. 1807.

Juniperus Sabina var. procumbens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
647. 1814.

A depressed, usually procumbent shrub, seldom more
than 4 high. Leaves similar to those of the preced-
ing species, those of young plants and the older twigs
of older plants subulate, spiny-tipped, those of the
mature foliage scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked, acute or
acuminate ; aments terminal ; berry-like cones light
blue, somewhat glaucous, 4"-$" in diameter, borne on
recurved peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own
length, i-4-seeded.

On banks, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to
Massachusetts, northern New York, Minnesota and Mon-
tana. Has been confused with /. Sabina of Europe.
April-May.

Family 2. TAX ACE AE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 316. 1836.

YEW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or deciduous,
linear, or in several exotic genera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, the pollen-sacs
and ovules borne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth wanting. Stamens
much as in the Pinaceae. Ovules with either one or two integuments ; when two,
the outer one fleshy, when only one, its outer part fleshy. Fruit drupe-like or
rarely a cone.

About 10 genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous in the
southern hemisphere. The Maiden-hair Tree, Ginkgo biloba, of China and Japan, with fan-shaped
leaves, is an interesting relative of the group, now much planted for ornament.

i. TAXUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1040. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged .short-petioled linear flat mucronate
leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary, sessile or subsessile very
small aments ; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens, their fila-
ments united to the middle; anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by
a fleshy, annular disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which
becomes cup-shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.]

About 6 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs
in Florida, one in Mexico and one on the Pacific Coast. Type species : Ta.rns baccata L.

i. Taxus canadensis Marsh. American
Yew. Ground-hemlock. Fig. 158.

Taxus baccata var. minor Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.

2: 245. 1803.

Ta.rns canadensis Marsh. Arb. Am. 151. 1785.
Taxus minor Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5 : 19.

1893-

A low straggling shrub, seldom over 5 high.
Leaves dark green on both sides, narrowly
linear, mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, 6"-io" long, nearly i" wide, persistent
on the twigs in drying ; the staminate aments
globose, i" long, usually numerous; ovules
usually few ; fruit red and pulpy, resinous,
oblong, nearly 3" high, the top of the seed not
covered by the fleshy integument.

In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south
to New Jersey, in the Alleghanies to Virginia,
and to Minnesota and Iowa. Ascends to 2500
ft. in the Adirondacks. April-May. Called also
Dwarf Yew, Shin-wood, Creeping Hemlock.
Very different from the European Yew, T. bac-
cata, in habit, the latter becoming a large forest
tree, as does the Oregon Yew, T. brevifolia.

68

TYPHACEAE.

VOL. 1.

Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the
infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or
of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-
grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germi-
nate, sending out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissue and reaching an ovule
enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming in contact with a
germ-cell in the embryo-sac, fertilization is effected. In a few cases the pollen-
tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle.

Cotyledon one; stem endogenous. Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Cotyledons almost always two ; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous.

Sub-claSS 2. DlCOTYLEDONES.

Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Embryo of the seed with but a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the
germinating plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass of soft tissue
(parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded; no dis-
tinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate
and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinction
of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-merous.

Monocotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Triassic time. They constitute between
one-fourth and one-third of the living angiospermous flora.

Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i: 60. 1805.

CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and glabrous
erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, sheathing at the base.
Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, which are subtended by
spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided at intervals by smaller bracts,
which are caducous, the staminate spikes uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens
2-7, the filaments connate. Ovary i, stipitate, i-2-celled. Ovules anatropous.
Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils
are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate
tips. Fruit nutlike. Endosperm copious. Only the following genus :

i. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.
Characters of the family. [Name ancient.]

About 10 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Typha lalifolia L.

Spikes with the pistillate and staminate usually contiguous, the former without bractlets ; stigmas
spatulate or rhomboid; pollen 4-grained. i. T. latifolia.

Spikes with the pistillate and staminate usually distant, the former with bractlets; stigmas linear
or oblong-linear ; pollen in simple grains. 2. T, arigustifolia.

i. Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat-tail.
Fig- 159-

Typha latifolia L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.

Stems stout, 4-8 high. Leaves 3"-i2" broad ;
spikes dark brown or black, the staminate and pistil-
late portions usually contiguous, each 3'-i2' long and
often i' or more in diameter, the pistillate without
bractlets; stigmas rhomboid or spatulate; pollen-
grains in 4's; pedicels of the mature pistillate flowers
i"-ii" long.

In marshes, throughout North America except the
exterme north. Ascends to 1600 ft. in the Adirondacks
and to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.
June-July. Fruit, Aug.-Sept. Called also Great-Reed-
mace, Cat-o'-nine-tail, Marsh Beetle, Marsh Pestle, Cat-
tail Flag, Flax-tail. Blackamoor, Black-cap, Bull-segg,
Bubrush, Water-torch, Candlewick.

GENUS i.

CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

1858.'

2. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-
tail. Fig. 1 60.

Typha angustifolia L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.

Stems slender, 5-io high. Leaves mostly narrower
than those of the preceding species, 2"-6" wide ; spikes
light brown, the staminate and pistillate portions usually
distant, the two together sometimes 15' long, the pistil-
late, when mature 2"-8" in diameter, and provided with
bractlets ; stigmas linear or linear-oblong; pollen-grains
simple; pedicels of the mature pistillate flowers \" long
or less.

Abundant in marshes along the Atlantic Coast from
Nova Scotia to Florida, but also occurring rather rarely
inland, and in California. Also in tropical America and
South America. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July.
Fruit, Aug.-Sept. Called also Lesser Reed-mace and most
of the names of the preceding species.

Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. PI. 13.

BUR-REED FAMILY.

Marsh or pond plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, erect or
floating simple or branched stems, and linear alternate leaves, sheathing at the
base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in globose heads at the upper part
of the stem and branches, the staminate heads uppermost, sessile or peduncled.
Spathes linear, immediately beneath or at a distance below the head. Perianth
of a few irregular chaffy scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments distinct;
anthers oblong or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mostly i -celled. Ovules anatropous.
Fruit mostly i-celled, nutlike. Embryo nearly straight in copious endosperm.

The family comprises only the following genus.

i. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.

Characters of the family. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.]

About 22 species, of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in
western North America. Type species : Sparganium erectum L.

Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, distinctly beaked ; inflorescence com-
pound ; fruiting heads io"-is" in diameter. i. 5". eurycarpum.
Achenes fusiform (in 5". minimum somewhat obovoid, but short-beaked and short-stipitate).
Stipe and beak of the achene each i" long or more; fruiting heads 1^/2" in diameter or more;

anthers 3-4 times as long as broad.
Beaks straight or slightly curved ; stigmas linear.

Heads all axillary ; beak shorter than the body of the achene ; leaves keeled.
Achenes dull; stigmas i" long or less.

Inflorescence branched, the branches geniculate, bearing 3-7 staminate heads.

2. S. androcladum.

Inflorescence simple, or, if branched, the branches strict and bearing 0-2 stami-
nate heads. 3. S. americanum.
Achenes glossy; stigmas i^4"-iJ4" long. 4. S. lucidum.
Heads, at least some of them, supra-axillary.

Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly triangular-keeled ; stem usually erect, strict.
Fruiting heads over 10" in diameter; leaves broad; bracts ascending-spreading;

beak fully as long as the body of the achene.

Leaves 3 ^"-7^2" wide, strongly veined; fruiting heads about 15" in
diameter ; achenes brown, shining, each gradually tapering into the beak.

5. 5". simplex.

Leaves ij4"-4" wide, weakly veined; fruiting heads io"-i2 l / 2 " in diameter;
achenes green, dull, each abruptly contracted into the beak.

6. S. chlorocarpum.
Fruiting heads rarely 10" in diameter; leaves narrow; bracts almost erect.

Heads distant, nearly 10" in diameter; achenes grayish-brown, distinctly

nerved. 7. S. diversifolium.

Heads approximate, about 7 'A" in diameter; achenes dark olive-brown, not

nerved. 8. S. acaule.

Leaves not keeled, or only slightly so, narrow and slender ; stem weak and often

floating ; beak decidedly shorter than the body of the achene.

Leaves usually 2^2 "-5" wide; leaves and bracts conspicuously scarious-margined ;
fruiting heads 8J^"-io" in diameter; achenes gradually beaked.

9. S. multipediinculatum.
Leaves i l / 2 "-2" wide; leaves and bracts not conspicuously scarious-margined;

fruiting heads about 7 l /2" in diameter; achenes abruptly beaked.
10. S. angustifolium.

*Text revised by DR. JOHN KUNKEL SMALL.

7

SPARGANIACEAE.

VOL. I.

Beaks gladiate-curved ; stigma short oblong. n. 5". fluctuans.

Stipe and beak of the achene short or none, always less than l / 2 " long; fruiting heads about 5"

in diameter ; stigmas oblong ; anthers 1 1/2-2 times as long as broad.
Heads all sessile, or the lowest short-pedicelled, axillary ; the staminate head distant from

the pistillate ones; achenes short-beaked. 13. S. minimum.

Lower pistillate heads distinctly pedicelled and supra-axillary ; the staminate head close to

the upper pistillate one. 12. S. hyperboreum.

i. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.
Broad-fruited Bur-reed. Fig. 161.

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 2, 430. 1856.

Stem stout, 3-8 high, branching. Leaves
linear, flat, slightly keeled beneath, the lowest
3-5 long; staminate heads, numerous ; pistil-
late heads 2-4 on the stem or branches, sessile
or more commonly peduncled, hard, compact
and io"-i6" in diameter; style i; stigmas 1-2;
nutlets sessile, 3" -5" long, obtusely 4-5-angled,
narrowed at the base, the top rounded, flat-
tened or depressed, abruptly tipped with the
style; scales as long or nearly as long as the
fruit, often with 2 or 3 other exterior ones,
somewhat spatulate, the apex rounded, dentic-
ulate or eroded.

In marshes and along streams, Newfoundland
to British Columbia, Florida, Missouri, Utah and
California. May-Aug.

2. Sparganium androcladum ( Engelm. ) Morong.
Branching Bur-reed. Fig. 162.

Sparganium simplex androcladum Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 5, 481. 1867.
Sparganium androcladum Morong, Bull. Torrey Club 15:

78. 1888.
Sparganium americanum androcladum Fernald & Eames,

Rhodora 9: 87. 1907.

Stem branching, i-32 high; leaves ii-3i long,
triangular at the base; bracts similar to the leaves,
bases slightly dilated, and but narrowly scarious-mar-
gined ; inflorescence branched; branches and peduncles
axillary, branches zigzag ; fruiting heads 6"-i2" diam-
eter; nutlets brown, dull, fusiform, 2i"-3" long, terete
or obtusely angled, often constricted at the middle;
stigma linear, i" long.

In bogs or shallow water, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug.

3. Sparganium americanum Nutt. Nuttall's Bur-
reed. Fig. 163.

Sparganium americanum Nutt. Gen. 2: 203. 1818.
Sparganium simplex Nuttallii Engelm. : A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
481. 1867.

Stem simple or nearly so, I -2\ high; leaves i-32 long,
keeled, somewhat scarious-margined near the base; bracts,
at least the lower ones, similar to the leaves, but shorter,
dilated and scarious-margined near the base; inflorescence
usually simple, with the heads sessile, or the lower pistillate
ones peduncled, the branches, when present, straight ; fruit-
ing heads g"-i2" in diameter; nutlets brown, dull, fusiform,
2i"-3" long; stigma oblong, seldom over \" long.

In low grounds or ponds. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Iowa,
South Carolina and Oklahoma. June-Aug.

GENUS i.

BUR-REED FAMILY.

4. Sparganium lucidum Fernald & Eames.
Shining- fruited Bur-reed. Fig. 164.

Sparganium lucidum Fernald & Eames, Rhodora 9:
87. 1907-

Stem stout, 2-^ high; leaves i-2 long,
strongly keeled, ii"-6" wide; bracts similar to
the leaves but shorter; inflorescence simple or
somewhat branched, with the branches, or heads,
axillary, the main axis bearing 2-4 sessile pistil-
late heads and 6-10 staminate heads, the branches,
when present, bearing i pistillate head and some-
times 1-4 staminate heads ; fruiting heads about
15" in diameter; nutlets olive-brown, shining, the
body fusiform, about 4" long; stigma linear,
U"-if" long.

In ponds and streams, Massachusetts to New York,
Illinois and Missouri. July-Sept.

5. Sparganium simplex Huds. Simple-
stemmed Bur-reed. Black-weed. Fig. 165.

Sparganium erectum ft L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.
Sparganinm simplex Huds. Fl. Aug. ed. 2. 401. 1788.

Stem rather stout, ii-2 high; leaves ii-3
long, triangular-keeled, 4"-8" wide ; bracts flat or
slightly keeled ; inflorescence usually simple, the
pistillate heads 2-5, at least some of them supra-
axillary, the lower i or 2 peduncled, the staminate
heads 4-8; fruiting heads about 15" in diameter;
nutlets brown or sometimes greenish-brown, the
body fusiform, 2\"-^' long, often constricted at
the middle; stigma linear, about i" long.

In lakes and streams, Quebec and Ontario, and in
Washington and British Columbia. Also in Europe
and Asia. July-Sept.

6. Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb.
Green-fruited Bur-reed. Fig. 166.

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb, N. A. Fl. 17' : 8.
1909.

Stem slender, i-2 tall, or sometimes floating;
leaves i-2 long, at least the middle ones keeled,
ii"~3i"wide; bracts similar to the leaves, slightly,
if at all, dilated or scarious at the base; inflores-
cence simple, the pistillate heads 2-4, sessile or
the lowest one peduncled, the staminate heads 3-7;
fruiting heads io"-i2" in diameter: nutlets green,
rather dull, the body fusiform, 2 r '-2\" long;
stigma less than i" long.

In marshes and rivers, western New York to Iowa
and Indiana. July-Sept.

SPARGANIACEAE.

VOL. 1.

7. Sparganium diversifolium Graebner.
Various-leaved Bur-reed. Fig. 167.

Sparganium diversifolium Graebner, Schrift. Nat.
Ges. Danzig. II. 9: 335. 1895.

Stem rather stout, l-3 high ; leaves narrow,
ii"-2i" wide, abruptly pointed, the lower ones
flat, the upper ones convex on the back or sharply
keeled near the base ; bracts similar to the upper
leaves; inflorescence simple, often nodding at the
tip, the pistillate heads 1-3, distant, the staminate
heads 1-6, distant; fruiting heads 10" in diameter;
nutlets grayish-brown, the body prominently-
nerved, obovoid; stigma linear-lanceolate.

In bogs, Newfoundland, New Hampshire and Min-
nesota. Also in Europe. July-Sept.

8. Sparganium acaule (Beeby) Rydb. Stem-
less Bur-reed. Fig. 168.

Sparganium simplex acaule Beeby ; Macoun, Cat. Can.

PI. 5: 367. 1890.
Sparganium diversifolium acaule Fernald & Eames,

Rhodora 9 : 88. 1907
Sparganium acaule Rydberg, N. A. Fl. ly 1 : 8. 1909.

Stem rather slender, J-i high; leaves very nar-
row, i "-2" wide, triangular-keeled; bracts nearly
similar to the leaves, but dilated and with broad
scarious margins at the base; inflorescence simple,
erect, the pistillate heads solitary or 2 or 3, and
approximate, usually sessile, supra-axillary, the stam-
inate 2-4, less crowded than the pistillate ones ; fruit-
ing heads 7"-8" in diameter ; nutlets olive-brown, the
body not nerved, fusiform, iJ'-2" long.

In swamps and on muddy shores, Newfoundland to
Iowa, South Dakota and Virginia. July-Sept.

9. Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong)
Rydb. Many-stalked Bur-reed. Fig. 169.

Sparganium simplex multipedunculata Morong, Bull.

Torrey Club 15: 79. 1888.
Sparganium multipedunculatum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club

32: 598. 1905.

Stem i-i high or less, or floating, rather slen-
der ; leaves narrow, 2i"-s" wide or rarely less,
slightly keeled, dilated and scarious-margined at the
base ; bracts similar to the leaves, but relatively more
dilated at the base; inflorescence usually simple, the
pistillate heads 2-5, the lower i or 2 decidedly pedun-
cled, some of them supra-axillary, the staminate
heads 3-5, approximate to each other, but usually
distant from the nearest pistillate one; fruiting
heads 7"-io" in diameter; nutlets brown, the body
fusiform, about 2" long; stigma linear, about *"
long.

In ponds and marshes, Mackenzie to western On-
tario, Colorado, British Columbia and California.
July-Sept.

GENUS i.

BUR-REED FAMILY.

io. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Narrow-
leaved Bur-reed. Fig. 170.

Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 189.

1803.
Sparganium natans angustifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 34.

1814.
Sparganium simplex angustifolium Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2 : 249.

1843.

Stem floating and elongated, or occasionally i-i
high; leaves usually very narrow, \\"-z" wide, not
keeled ; bracts various, the lower ones similar to the
leaves, dilated and sometimes slightly scarious-margined
at the base, the upper ones much shorter than the lower,
lanceolate to ovate ; inflorescence simple, the pistillate
heads 2-4, the lower I or 2 usually on supra-axillary
peduncles, the staminate heads usually approximate;
fruiting heads 7"-8" in diameter; nutlets dirty-brown,
except the reddish brown bases, the body constricted at
the middle or above it; stigma J" long or less.

In slow streams and ponds, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Colorado and Cali-
fornia. Illustrated in first edition as Sparganium simplex. July-Sept.

ii. Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Rob-
inson. Floating Bur-reed. Fig. 171.

Sparganium simplex fluitans Engelm. ; A. Gray Man.

Ed. s, 481. 1867.
Sparganium androcladum fluctuans Morong, Bull.

Torrey Club 15: 78. 1888.
Sparganium fluctuans Robinson, Rhodora 7 : 60. 1905.

Stem floating, slender, usually elongated ; leaves
rather narrow, 2"-si" wide, slightly, if at all,
keeled, cellular-reticulate ; bracts much shorter
than the leaves, dilated and somewhat scarious-
margined near the base; inflorescence usually
branched, the main axis with 2-4 staminate heads,
the branches usually bearing i pistillate and 2
staminate heads ; fruiting heads about 10" in
diameter; nutlets brown, the body fusiform, some-
times constricted at the middle ; stigma obliquely
oblong.

In ponds and cold lakes, Maine to Connecticut and
Minnesota. July-Sept.

12. Sparganium hyperboreum Laest.
Northern Bur-reed. Fig. 172.

Sparganium natans submuticum Hartm. Handb.
Skand. Fl. ed. 4: 312. 1843.

Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. ; Beurl. Oefvers.
Vet. Akad. Foerh. 9: 192. 1852.

Stem floating and elongated, or decumbent, or
ascending and 4'-$' high ; leaves light green, very
narrow, "-2" wide, flat or slightly round-keeled
near the base, in the case of floating plants some-
times greatly elongated; leaf-sheaths slightly di-
lated near the base, but not scarious-margined ;
pistillate heads 2-4, the lower i or 2 usually
peduncled ' and supra-axillary; fruiting heads
4"-5" in diameter; nutlets dark-yellow, dull, the
body ellipsoid ; stigma oval.

In ponds and streams, Greenland to Newfound-
land, Hudson Bay and Alaska Also in northern
Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

SPARGANIACEAE.

VOL. I.

13. Sparganium minimum Fries. Small Bur-reed.
Fig- i?3-

Sparganium natans Oeder. Fl. Dan. 2 5 : 5. 1764. Not 5". natans

L. 1753-

Sparganium minimum Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 560. 1849.
Sparganium angustifolium A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5. 430. 1856. Not

S. angustifolium Michx. 1803.

Stem floating and sometimes elongated, or decumbent, as-
cending or erect, and relatively short ; leaves dark-green, nar-
row, mostly i"-3i" wide, flat; upper leaf-sheaths somewhat
dilated, but not scarious-margined ; pistillate heads solitary,
or 2 or 3 and placed about equally distant, axillary; fruiting
heads about 5" in diameter; nutlets greenish-brown, dull, the
body broadly ellipsoid, usually constricted below the middle;
stigma obliquely oblong or oval.

In ponds and streams, Labrador to Alaska, New Jersey, Ten-
nessee ( ?), Utah and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug.

Family 3. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dtimort. Anal. Fam. 61. 1829.*

PONDWEED FAMILY.

Perennial marine or fresh-water plants with floating or submerged leaves, or
both. Leaf-blades petioled or sessile, capillary or expanded into a proper blade,
or rarely reduced to terete phyllodes. Flowers perfect or monoecious, in sessile
or peduncled spikes, or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Perianth none, but
flowers sometimes enclosed in a hyaline sheath. Androecium of 1-4 stamens.
Anthers extrorse, i-2-celled, the connective sometimes becoming perianth-like.
Gynoecium of 1-4 distinct, i-seeded carpels. Fruits mostly nut-like or drupe-
like, sessile or stipitate. Endosperm wanting.

About 4 genera and 70 species of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in temperate
regions. The months noted in the descriptions indicate the fruting period.

Flowers perfect; stamens more than i.

Stamens 4 ; fruit sessile. i. Potamogcton.

Stamens 2 ; fruit stalked. 2. Ruppia.

Flowers monoecious ; stamen i. 3. Zannichellia.

i. POTAMOGETON L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.

Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and floating,
the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. Spathes
stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, enclosing the
young buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually emersed.
Flowers small, spicate, green or red. Perianth none. Stamens 4. Anthers sessile, the con-
nective dilated, perianth-like (Fig. 186). Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, i-celled, i-ovuled, atten-
uated into a short erect or recurved style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 ovoid or sub-
globose drupelets, the pericarp usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylo-
tropous, with an uncinate embryo thickened at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to tfie
aquatic habitat.] Water Spike.

About 65 well-defined species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the following, about 3
others occur in the southern parts of North America. Type species Potamogeton natans L.

Stipules axillary and free from the rest of the leaf.
With floating and submerged leaves.
Submerged leaves bladeless.

Nutlets more or less pitted. i. P. natans.

Nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesianus.

Submerged leaves with a proper blade.

Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, lanceolate and oval or oblong

Uppermost broadly oval or elliptical, lowest lanceolate. 3. P. amplifolius.

Uppermost lanceolate and pellucid, lowest oblong and opaque. 4. P. pulcher.
Submerged leaves all alike, capillary or linear-setaceous.

i -nerved or nerveless. 25. P. Vaseyi.

3-nerved. 26. P. lateralis.

Submerged leaves all alike, linear.

* Text of this family and of the two following ones contributed to the first edition by
the late REV. THOMAS MORONG, revised for this edition by MR. NORMAN TAYLOR.

GENUS i.

PONDVVEED FAMILY.

75

Nearly the same breadth throughout, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular-reticulated in

the middle. 5. P. epihydrus.

Broader at base, acute, without cellular-reticulation. 9. P. heterophyllus.

Submerged leaves all alike, lanceolate.

Uppermost leaves petioled, lowest sessile. 6. P. alpinus.

All the leaves petioled.

Floating leaves large, broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base.

1 1 . P. illinoensis.

Floating leaves narrowly elliptical, tapering at base. 7. P. americaniis.

Floating leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base.

8. P. Faxoni.
All the leaves sessile or subsessile.

Fruit only i line long, obscurely 3-keeled. 10. P. varians.

Fruit \ l /2 lines long, distinctly 3-keeled. 12. P. angitstifolius.

With submerged leaves only.

Without propagating buds and without glands.

Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceolate or ovate, many-nerved.

Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, mostly acute or cuspidate. 13. P. lucens.
Leaves semi-amplexicaul, obtuse and cucullate at the apex. 14. P. praelongus.
Leaves meeting around the stem, very obtuse at the apex, not cucullate.

15. P. perfoliatus.
Leaves with narrow blades, linear or oblong-linear, several-nerved.

Leaves oblong-linear, s-7-nerved, obtuse at the apex. 16. P. mysticus.

Leaves narrowly linear, 3-nerved, acute at the apex. 21. P. foliosus.

Leaves with narrow blades, capillary or setaceous, i -nerved or nerveless.

17. P. confervoides.

With propagating buds or glands, or both.
With buds, but without glands.

Leaves serrulate, 3-7-nerved. 18. P. crispns.

Leaves entire, with 3 principal and many fine nerves. 19. P. compressus.

Commonly with glands, but no buds.

Stems long-branching from the base ; leaves lax, flat, 3-nerved, abruptly acute or

cuspidate. 20. P. Hlllii.

Stems simple ; leaves strict, revolute, 3-s-nerved, acuminate. 24. P. rutilus.
With both buds and glands.

Glands large and translucent ; buds rare. 22. P. obtusifolius.

Glands small, often dull ; buds common.

Leaves linear, s-7-nerved. 23. P. Friesii.

Leaves linear, 3-nerved. 27. P. pusillus.

Leaves capillary, i-nerved or nerveless. 28. P. gemmiparus.

Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles.

With both floating and submerged leaves.

Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved. 29. P. diversifolius.
Submerged peduncles none, or at most hardly a line long. 30. P. dimorphus.

With submerged leaves only.
Stigma broad and sessile.

Sheath of stipule less than 4" long. 31. P. filiformis.

Sheath of stipule more than 7" long. 32. P. interior.

Style apparent ; stigma capitate.

Fruit without keels or obscurely keeled. 33. P. pectinatus.

Fruit strongly 3-keeled.

Leaves entire, 3-s-nerved. 34. P. interruptus.

Leaves minutely serrulate, finely many-nerved. 35. P. Robbinsii.

i. Potamogeton natans L. Common Floating Pondvveed. Fig. 174.

Potamogeton natans L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753-

Stems 2-4 long, simple or sparingly branched.
Floating leaves thick, the blade ovate, oval or ellip-
tic, 2'-4' long, i '-2' wide, usually tipped with a short
abrupt point, rounded or subcordate at the base,
many-nerved^ submerged leaves reduced to phyllodes
or bladeless petioles which commonly perish early
and are seldom seen at the fruiting period ; stipules
sometimes 4' long, acute, 2-keeled ; peduncles as
thick as the stem, 2'-4' long; spikes cylindric, very
dense, about 2' long; fruit turgid, 2"-2\" long, about
\\" thick, scarcely keeled, narrowly obovoid, slightly
curved on the face ; style broad and facial ; nutlet
hard, more or less pitted or impressed on the sides,
2-grooved on the back ; embryo forming an incom-
plete circle, the apex pointing toward the base.

In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, New Jersey, Missouri and Nebraska. Also in
Europe and Asia. Called also Tench-weed, Batter-
dock, Deil's-spoons. July-Aug.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

VOL. I.

2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. Oakes' Pondvveed. Fig. 175.

Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins in A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 485. 1867.

Stems very slender, often much branched from
below. Floating leaves elliptic, mostly obtuse,
rounded or slightly subcordate at the base, i'-2'
long, 5 "-9" wide, i2-2o-nerved ; petioles 2 r -6'
long; submerged leaves mere capillary phyllodes,
often persistent through the flowering season ;
peduncles i'~3' long, commonly much thicker than
the stem, mostly solitary; spikes cylindric, i'-i'
long; stipules acute, hardly keeled; fruit obovoid,
about li" long, l" thick, "nearly straight on the
face, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp ; style apical
or subapical ; sides of the nutlet not pitted, but
sometimes slightly impressed ; embryo circle in-
complete, the apex pointing toward the base.

In still water, Anticosti to Wisconsin and New
Jersey. Summer.

3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 176.

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci.

(II.) 6: 225. 1848.
Potamogeton amplifolius ovalifolius Morong ; A.

Benn. Journ. Bot. 42: 70. 1904.

Stems long, simple or occasionally branched.
Floating leaves oval or ovate, abruptly pointed at
the apex, rounded at the base, 2 '-4' long, 14 '-2'
wide, many-nerved ; petioles 3'-s' long ; submerged
leaves mostly petioled, the uppermost often elliptic
or oval, 3'-6' long, \'-2\' wide, the lowest lanceo-
late, often 8' long, with the sides closed and as-
suming a falcate shape ; stipules tapering to a
long sharp point, sometimes 4' long; peduncles
thickened upward, 2'-8' long; spikes cylindric,
i '-2' long; fruit 2"-2\" long, ii" thick, turgid,
the pericarp hard, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled ;
face more or less angled; style subapical; embryo
slightly incurved.

In lakes, Ontario to British Columbia, south to
Georgia and Nebraska. July-Sept.

4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted
Pondweed. Fig. 177.

Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45 :
38. 1843.

Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, i-2 long.
Floating leaves usually massed at the top on short
lateral branches, alternate, ovate or round-ovate,
subcordate, 2' -4^' long, 9"-3J' wide, many-nerved ;
peduncles about as thick as the steam, 2'-4' long,
spotted ; submerged leaves of 2 kinds, the upper-
most pellucid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undu-
late, 3'-8' long, 6"- 1 8" wide, tapering at the base
into a short petiole, io-2o-nerved ; the lowest
much thicker, opaque, spatulate, oblong or ovate,
on petioles \'-\ long; stipules obtuse or acumi-
nate, 2-carinate; fruit 2"-2i" long, ij" thick,
turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back
sharply 3-keeled ; face angled near the middle,
with a sinus below; embryo coiled.

In ponds and pools, Massachusetts to Georgia and
Arkansas. July.

GENUS I.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

77

5. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Nuttall's Pondweed. Fig. 178.

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5 : 354.

1808.
Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Schl. Linnaea, 2 :

226. pi. 6. f. 25. 1827.
Potamogeton Claytonil Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci.

45: 38. 1843.

Stems slender, compressed, i-6 long. Float-
ing leaves opposite, elliptic to obovate, obtuse,
short-petioled, ii'-3i" long, 4"-i2" wide, many-
nerved ; submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, 2 r -j'
long, i "-3" wide, 5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves
nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner
and the midrib coarsely reticulated; stipules ob-
tuse, hyaline, not keeled; peduncles i'-5' long;
spikes \'-\' long; fruit round-obovoid \\"-2."
long, \"-\\" thick, 3-keeled, the sides flat and
indistinctly impressed ; style short, apical ; embryo
coiled one and one-third times.

In ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British
Columbia, North Carolina and Iowa. Creek-grass.
June-Aug.

6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. Northern Pondweed. Fig. 179.

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis, Misc. Bot. 13. 1804.
Potamogeton rufescens Schrad. ; Cham. Adn. FL
Ber. 5. 1815.

Plant of a ruddy tinge ; stems simple or branched,
somewhat compressed. Floating leaves spatulate
or oblanceolate, obtuse, many-nerved, tapering
into petioles i'-s' long; submerged leaves semi-
pellucid, the lowest sessile, the uppermost petioled,
oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or rarely
acute, narrowed at the base, 3'-i2 r long, 2"-o/'
wide, 7-nerved ; stipules broad, faintly 2-carinate,
obtuse or rarely acute; peduncles 2'-8' long;
spikes i'-ii' long; fruit obovoid, lenticular, red-
dish, li" long, i" thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel
sharp, the face arched, beaked by the short re-
curved style ; apex of the embryo pointing directly
to the basal end.

In ponds, Labrador to British Columbia, Florida
and California. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

7. Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schl. Long-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 180.

Potamogeton fluitans Roth, Fl. Germ, i: 72. 1788?
Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schl. Linnaea, 2 :

226. 1827.
Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)

6: 226. 1848.
Potamogeton lonchites noveboracensis Morong. Mem.

Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 20. 1893.

Stem terete, much branched, 3-6 long. Floating
leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both ends, 2'-6'
long, 6"-24" wide, many-nerved, on petioles 2'-8' in
length ; submerged leaves pellucid, 4'-i3' long, 2"-! 2"
wide, rounded at the base or tapering into a petiole
i '-4' long; stipules i'-4' long, acuminate, acute or
obtuse, strongly or faintly 2-carinate ; peduncles
thickening upward, 2'-$' long; spikes cylindric, i'-3'
long; fruit about 2" long, i"-i4" thick, obliquely
obovoid, the face nearly straight, the back 3-keeled,
the middle keel rounded or often with a projecting
wing under the style, not impressed on the sides ;
embryo slightly incurved, apex pointing slightly in-
side of the base.

In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick to Wash-
ington, Florida, West Indies, and California. July-Oct.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

VOL. I.

8. Potamogeton Faxoni Morong. Faxon's
Pondweed. Fig. 181.

Potamogeton Faxoni Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3:
Part 2, 22. 1893.

Floating leaves numerous, mostly obovate or
oblanceolate, blunt-pointed or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, often strikingly like those
of P. various, 2'-$%' long, 8"-i2" wide, 13-17-
nerved, on petioles 2'-6' long; submerged leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute or sometimes obtuse,
3'-$' long, 6"-i2" wide, 5-i3-nerved, often with
an irregular areolation on each side of the midrib,
borne on petioles 4 '-2' in length; peduncles
slightly thicker than the stem, 2'-$' long; spikes
dense, i'-2 f long; fruit not collected.

Little Otter Creek and Lake Champlain, Ferris-
burg, Vermont.

9. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 182.

Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Spicil. Fl.

Lips. 21. 1771.

Potamogeton heterophyllus var. ma.rinuts Mo-
rong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893.
Potamogeton heterophyllus var. longipenduncu-

latus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : Part 2, 24.

1893.
Potamogeton heterophyllus graminifolius Morong.

Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893.
Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus Morong,

Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 24. 1893.
Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus Morong,

Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 25. 1893.

Stems slender, compressed, much branched,
sometimes 12 long. Floating leaves pointed
at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base,
8"-4' long, 4"- 1 4" wide, io-i8-nerved, on pe-
tioles i '-4' long; submerged leaves pellucid,
sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate
or cuspidate, rather stiff or flaccid, i'-6J' long,
I "-8" wide, 3-7-nerved, the uppermost often
petioled ; peduncles often thickened upward,
I '-7' long, sometimes clustered ; stipules spread-
ing, obtuse, 8"-i2" long; spikes Q"-ii' long;
fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, \"-\\"
long, \"-\" thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, obtuse, apical; apex of the embryo
nearly touching the base, pointing slightly inside of it.

A very variable species, occurring in different forms throughout almost all North America ex-
cept the jextreme north. Also in Europe. July-Sept.

10. Potamogeton varians Morong. Spat-
ulate-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 183.

Potamogeton gramineus var. ( ?) spathulaeformis
Robbins in A. Gray. Man. Ed. 5, 487. 1867.

Potamogeton varians Morong ; Fryer, Jour. Bot. 27 :
33- 1889.

Potamogeton spathulaeformis Morong, Mem. Torr.
Club, 3: Part 2, 26. 1893.

Stems many, branched, 2-3 long. Floating
leaves obovate or elliptic, abruptly acute at the
apex, rather thin, 13-23-nerved, \'-2\' long, 6" -13"
wide, borne on slender petioles; submerged leaves
pellucid, spatulate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2'-4'
long, 3 "-9" wide, 5~i3-nerved, cuspidate or spines-
cent, sessile or subsessile, often reduced to phyl-
lodes with a very narrow blade and a long acumi-
nation at the base and apex ; peduncles often
thickening upward, I '-2' long; stipules obtuse,
faintly keeled, the apex slightly hooded; spikes
large; fruit about i" long, roundish or obliquely
ovoid, obscurely 3-keeled, with a curved or slightly

Gnxus I.

POXDWEED FAMILY.

79

angled face ; embryo with the apex pointing slightly inside of the base.

In Mystic Pond, Medford. Mass. Also in Europe. Summer. Apparently a mere form of the
preceding, or perhaps a hybrid between P. angustifolius and P. heterophyllus.

ii. Potamogeton illinoensis Morong.
Illinois Pondweed. Fig. 184.

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz.
5: 50. 1880.

Stems stout, much branched above. Floating
leaves opposite, numerous, thick, 4'-$ long, 2'-^'
wide, many-nerved, oval or broadly elliptic, short-
pointed at the apex, rounded, subcordate or nar-
rowed at the base; petioles i'~4' long; submerged
leaves numerous, 4'-8' long, i'-2' wide, 13-19-
nerved, acuminate or the uppermost acute, mostly
tapering at the base into a short broad flat petiole,
rarely reduced to phyllodes ; stipules 2'-$' long,
obtuse, strongly 2-carinate; peduncles 2'-^' long;
spikes I '-2' long; fruit roundish or obovoid,
\\"-2" long, i"-ii" thick, dorsally 3-keeled ; style
short, blunt.

In ponds, Illinois to Iowa and Minnesota. Aug.

12. Potamogeton angustifolius Berch. &
Presl. Ziz's Pondweed. Fig. 185.

P. angustifolius Berch. & Presl, Rost. 19. 1821.

Potamogeton Zizii Roth, Enum. I : 531. 1827.

Potamogeton luccns connecticutensis Robbins in A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 488. 1867.

Potamogeton angustifolius var. Methyensis A. Ben-
nett, Journ. Bot. 29: 151. 1891.

Stems slender, branching. Floating leaves ellip-
tic, ii'-4' long, 6"-i2" wide, many-nerved; petioles
mostly short ; submerged leaves mostly lanceolate
or oblanceolate, thin, acute or cuspidate, 2 f -6'
long, 3"-is" wide, 7-i7-nerved; stipules 6"-i8"
long, obtuse, 2-keeled ; peduncles thicker than the
stem, 2J'-6' long; spikes i'-2' long; fruit obliquely
obovoid, i?"-2" long, about i" thick, the face
dorsally 3-keeled ; style short, blunt, facial ; apex
of the embryo pointing directly to the base.

In lakes and streams, Quebec to California, Florida
and Wyoming. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

13. Potamogeton lucens L. Shining Pond-
weed. Cornstalk-weed. Fig. 186.
Potamogeton lucens L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.

Stems thick, branching below and often with
masses of short leafy branches at the summit.
Leaves all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the
uppermost oval, shining, acute or acuminate and
cuspidate, or rounded at both ends and merely
mucronulate, sessile or short-petioled, aJ'-S' long,
8"-2o" wide, the tips often serrulate; stipules
i '-3' long, 2-carinate, sometimes very broad;
peduncles 3'-6' long; spikes 2 f -z long, cylindric,
very thick; fruit about ii" long and ii" thick,
roundish, the face usually with a slight inward
curve at the base ; apex of the embryo pointing
transversely inward.

In ponds, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to California
and Mexico. Local. Also in Europe. Sept.-Oct.

So

ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

VOL. I.

14. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf.

White-stemmed Pondweed. Fig. 187.

Fotamogeton praelongus Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3:
33L 1805.

Stems white, flexuous, flattened, much branched,
growing in deep water, sometimes 8 long. Leaves
all submerged, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, semi-
amplexicaul, bright green, 2'-i2' long, i'-i*' wide,
with 3-5 main nerves, stipules white, scarious,
obtuse and commonly closely embracing the stem ;
peduncles 3'-2o' long, erect, straight, about as thick
as the stem; spikes i'-2' long, thick, cylindric ;
fruit dark green, obliquely obovoid, 2"-2j" long,
ii"-2" thick, the back much rounded, often with
the upper curve nearly as high as the style; the
middle keel sharp; style short, obtuse, facial.

Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New
Jersey, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe.
Fruits in June and July, and usually withdraws its
stems beneath the water as soon as the fruit is set.

15. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 188.

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.
Potamogeton perfoliatus lanccolatus Robbins in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 488. 1867. Not Blytt 1861.
Potamogeton perfoliatus Richardsonii A. Bennett, Journ.

Bot. 27: 25. 1889.
Potamogeton Richardsonii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32 :

599. 1905.
Potamogeton bnpleuroides Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 46. 1908.

Stems slender, much branched. Leaves all sub-
merged, orbicular or ovate, sometimes lanceolate,
obtuse or acutish and minutely serrulate at the apex,
cordate-perfoliate at the base, 5"-2o" long, $"-12"
wide; peduncles ij' long, usually erect or slightly
spreading; spikes 8"-i2" long, often flowering and
fruiting under water; fruit obliquely obovoid, ii"-2"
long, \\" thick, obscurely 3-carinate on the back,
the face slightly curved outwardly toward the top,
the sides with a shallow indentation which runs into
the face; style nearly facial ; embryo slightly incurved
or with its apex pointing directly toward the base.

In ponds and streams, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, south to Florida and California. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

16. Potamogeton mysticus Morong. Mystic Pond
Pondweed. Fig. 189.

Potamogeton mysticus Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5 : 50. 1880.
Whole plant very slender and delicate, stems irregularly
branching above, nearly filiform, terete, i-4 long. Leaves
all submerged, scattered, oblong-linear, I'-ii' long, i"-3"
wide, 5-7-nerved, obtuse and rarely with minute serrula-
tions near the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base and
sessile or partly clasping ; stipules obtuse, about 6" long,
hyaline and with many fine nerves, mostly deciduous, but
sometimes persistent and closely sheathing the stem ; spikes
few, capitate, 4-6-flowered, borne on erect peduncles i'-2 f
long; immature fruit obovoid, less than i" long, about \"
wide, obscurely 3-keeled on the back, slightly beaked by
the slender, recurved style.

Mystic Pond, Medford, and Miacount Pond, Nantucket,
Mass. Aug.-Sept. Apparently a depauperate form of the
preceding, and scarcely distinct from it. Perhaps a hybrid.

GENUS i.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

81

17. Potamogetcn confervoides Reichb. Alga-like Pond weed. Fig. 190.

Potamogcton confervoides Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. & Helv. 7 :

13. 1845.

Potamogcton trichoides A. Gray, Man. 457. 1848. Not Cham.
Potamogeton Tuckermani Robbins ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 434.

1856.

Stems slender, terete, much branched, the upper branches
repeatedly forking, 6'-i8' long. Leaves very delicate, flat,
setaceous, i'-2i' long, the broadest scarcely i" wide, taper-
ing to a long hair-like point, i-3-nerved and often with a
few cross-veins, bright green or yellowish; stipules deli-
cate, obtuse, 2"-3" long; peduncles 2' -8' long, erect, some-
what thickened upward ; spikes capitate, 3 "-4" long ; fruit
roundish-obovoid, i"-il" long and about as thick, the back
sometimes a little angular or sinuate, 3-keeled, the middle
keel sharp, the face notched near the base, the sides im-
pressed with a shallow indentation which runs into the
notch of the face ; apex of the embryo nearly touching 1 the
base a little to one side.

In cold or mountain ponds, Maine and New Hampshire to
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Aug.-Sept.

18. Potamogeton crispus L. Curly Muck-weed. Pondweed. Fig. 191.

Potamogeton crispus L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753.

Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2-ranked,
linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, sessile or semi-
amplexicaul, obtuse at the apex, serrulate, crisped,
i'-4' long, 3"-7" wide, 3~7-nerved, the midrib often
compound and the outer nerves very near the mar-
gin ; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early perishing;
peduncles i'-2' long, frequently recurved in fruit,
sometimes very numerous ; spikes about \' long,
appearing very bristly with the long-beaked drupe-
lets when in fruit; fruit ovoid, about il" long, i"
or more wide, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel
with a small projecting tooth near the base, the face
slightly curved, the style facial and nearly as long
as the drupelet ; embryo small, its apex pointing
directly toward its base. The plant is mainly propa-
gated by peculiar winter buds.

In fresh or salt water, about cities, Massachusetts to
Pennsylvania and Virginia. Also in Europe. Aug.

19. Potamogeton compressus L. Eel-grass
Pondweed. Fig. 192.

Potamogeton compressus L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.
Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. Enum. PI. Saell. 50.
1801.

Stems much flattened, sometimes winged, widely
branching. Leaves linear, obtuse and mucronate or
short-pointed at the apex, 2 r -i2 r long, i"-2" wide, with
3 principal nerves and many fine ones ; stipules scarious,
obtuse, finely nerved, soon perishing; peduncles ii'-4'
long; spikes cylindric, about i' long, 12-15-flowered;
fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2" long, ii"-i^"
thick, 3-keeled on the back, the lateral keels rather
obscure ; face arched, beaked with a short recurved
style; embryo slightly incurved. The plant is propa-
gated by the terminal leaf-buds, which sink to the bot-
tom, and rest during the winter.

In still or running water, New Brunswick to New York,
west to Oregon. Also in Europe. July-Aug. Grass-wrack.

6

83

ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

VOL. I.

20. Potamogeton Hillii Morong. Hill's Pond-
weed. Fig. 193.

Potamogeton Hillii Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6: 290. 1881.

Stems slightly compressed, slender, widely branching,
i-2 long. Leaves linear, acute or cuspidate, or often
almost aristate, i'-2i' long, i"-ii" wide, 3-nerved, the
lateral nerves delicate and nearer the margins than the
midrib ; stipules whitish, many-nerved, obtuse, $"-$"
long ; peduncles about \' long, erect or slightly recurved,
more or less clavate ; spikes capitate, 3-6-f ruited ; fruit
obliquely obovoid, obtuse at the base, about 2" long,
i"-il" thick, 3-carinate on the back, the middle keel
sharp and more or less undulate, flat on the sides, face
slightly arched ; style nearly facial, short ; embryo coiled.

In ponds, eastern New York to Michigan, south to
Pennsylvania and Missouri. There are two forms of the
species, the one 2-glandular at the base of the leaves, the
other glandless. July-Sept.

21. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pond weed. Fig. 194.

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5:

354. 1808.
Potamogeton pauciflorus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.

121. 1814. Not Lam. 1789.
Potamogeton niagarensis Tuckerm. Am. Journ.

Sci. (II.) 7: 354- 1849-
Potamogeton foliosus niagarensis (Tuckerm.)

Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : Part 2, 39.

1893.

Stems flattened, much branched, i-3
long. Leaves i'-3' long, 4"-i" wide, acute,
3-5-nerved, not glandular at the base ;
stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or sometimes
acute, 6"-io" long; peduncles more or less
clavate, erect, about \' long; spikes 4-12-
flowered ; fruit lenticular or nearly orbic-
ular, about i" in diameter, 3-keeled on the
back, the middle keel winged, sinuate-
dentate, often with projecting shoulders or
teeth at each end, the face strongly angled
or arched, sharp, often with a projecting
tooth at the base ; style apical.

In ponds and streams, New Brunswick to
British Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and California. July-Aug.

22. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch.
Blunt-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 195.

Potamogeton compressus Wahl. Fl. Suec. i : 107. 1824.

Not L. 1753.
Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Fl.

i : 855. 1823.

Stems usually slender, compressed, widely branch-
ing, especially above. Leaves linear, 2'-3' long, "-2"
wide, obtuse, often mucronate, usually 3-nerved with
a broad midrib, sometimes 5-7-nerved, 2-glandular
at the base, the glands large and translucent ; stipules
white or scarious, many-nerved, obtuse, 6"-o/' long,
often as long as or longer than the internodes ;
peduncles numerous, i'-i$' long, slender, erect; spikes
3" -4" long, ovoid, 5-8-flowered ; fruit obliquely obo-
void, about ii" long and i" thick, 3-keeled; style
short, blunt, nearly facial.

In still water, Quebec to Minnesota, south to northern
New York and Kansas. Also in Europe. July-Aug.

GENUS i.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

23. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht. Fries'
Pondweed. Fig. 196.

Potamogeton compressus J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. 3 :

pi. 418. 1794- Not L. 1753.
Potamogeton pusillus var. major Fries, Novit. Ed. 2,

48. 1828.
Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht, Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reichs,

4: 43. 1845.
Potamogeton major Morong, Mem. Torn Club, 3 : Part

2, 41. 1893. Not P. pusillus var. major M. & K. 1823.

Stems compressed, 2-4 long, branching. Leaves
ii'-2i' long, about i" wide, acute, obtuse or cuspi-
date at the apex, mostly 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved,
2-glandular at the base, the glands small ; stipules
white, hyaline, finely nerved, obtuse or acute, 6"-i2"
long; peduncles i'-ii' long, often thicker than the
stem and sometimes thickening upward; spikes, when
developed, interrupted ; fruit quite similar to that of
P. pusillus, but with a recurved style, usually with a
shallow pit on the sides, and with the apex of the
embryo pointing toward the basal end.

In still water, New Brunswick to New York, west to
North Dakota and Iowa. Also in Europe. Propagating buds occasional. July-Aug.

24. Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. Slender
Pondweed. Fig. 197.

Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. ; R. & S. Mant. 3 : 362. 1827.

Stems very slender, 8'-24' long, compressed, simple
or nearly so. Leaves i'-i-l' long, \"-\" wide, acute
or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-S-nerved, revo-
lute, the nerves prominent beneath, often 2-glandular
at base and bright green ; stipules acute, 6"-io" long,
often longer than the internodes and hiding the bases
of the leaves above, persistent, becoming white and
fibrous with age ; peduncles 6"-i8" long ; spikes 3"-5"
long, usually dense, but sometimes interrupted ; fruit
obliquely obovoid, about i" long and \" thick, ob-
scurely keeled or the back showing only 2 small
grooves ; apex of the drupelet tapering into a short
facial nearly straight recurved style ; embryo circle
not complete, the apex pointing towards or outside
the base.

Anticosti and James Bay to Michigan and Minnesota,
south to New York. Also in Europe. Propagating
buds usually wanting.

25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. Vasey's
Pondweed. Fig. 198.

Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,

485. 1867.
Potamogeton Vaseyi var. latifolius Morong, Mem. Torr.

Club, 3 : Part 2. 44. 1893.

Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with
many short lateral branches above, i-i long, the
emersed fertile forms in shallow water, and the more
common sterile submerged forms in water from 6-8
in depth. Floating leaves on the fertile stems only,
coriaceous, in 1-4 opposite pairs, oval oblong or
obovate, 4"~5" long, 2"-?," wide, with 5-9 nerves
deeply impressed beneath, tapering at the base into
petioles 3"-4" long ; submerged leaves capillary, i'-ij'
long; stipules white, delicate, many-nerved, acute or
obtuse, 2"-3" long; peduncles 3"-6" long, thickening
in fruit; spikes 2"-3" long, 2-6-fruited; fruit round-
ish-obovoid, about i" long and nearly as thick,
3-keeled, the middle keel rounded, tipped with a
straight or recurved style.

Quebec to Wisconsin, south to southern New York.
The plant is furnished with propagating buds. July-Aug.

8 4

ZAXXICHELLIACEAE.

VOL. I.

26. Potamogeton lateralis Morong. Opposite-leaved Pondweed. Fig. 199.

Potamogeton lateralis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 5 :
51. 1880.

Stems filiform, much branched. Floating leaves
on sterile shoots only, coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse,
4"-5" long, i "-2" wide, 5~7-nerved, the nerves
deeply impressed beneath, usually in 1-3 opposite
pairs which stand at right angles to the stem,
on petioles 3"-io" long; submerged leaves linear,
acute, i '-3' long, \"-\" wide, i-3-nerved, 2-glan-
dular at the base, but the glands small and
often obsolete; stipules small, hyaline, many-
nerved, obtuse, deciduous; peduncles and floating
leaves lateral, with a peculiar appearance,
widely spreading at maturity, sometimes recurved,
thickening in fruit, 4"-is" long; spikes capitate
or often interrupted, 3-4-flowered ; fruit obliquely
obovoid, about i" long, lenticular, the back
much curved and 2-grooved, the face arched and
surmounted by the nearly sessile stigma; curve
of the embryo oval, its apex nearly touching its
base.

In lakes and slow streams, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Proliferous shoots at the sum-
mit of the stem and on the upper branches appear late in the season, as the plants are beginning to
decay. July-Aug. A rare and local plant, which, in an incompletely developed state, when it
lacks the broad floating leaves, has the aspect of P. pusillus ; its affinities are probably with
P. Vaseyi and P. diversifolius.

27. Potamogeton pusillus L. Small Pondweed. Fig. 200.

Potamogeton pusillus L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.
Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. Sic. PI. 1806-7.
Potamogeton pusillus polyphyllus Morong, Coult. Bot.

Gaz. 5 : 51. 1880.
Potamogeton pusillus sturrockii A. Bennett in Hook.

Stud. Fl. Ed. 3, 435. 1884.
Potamogeton pusillus panormitanus Morong, Mem.

Torn Club, 3: Part 2, 46. 1893.

Stems filiform, branching, 6'-2 long. Leaves
all submerged, linear, obtuse and mucronate or
acute at the apex, 2-glandular at the base, i'-3'
long, about i" wide, i-3-nerved, the lateral nerves
often obscure, or the leaf apparently nerveless;
stipules short, hyaline, obtuse; peduncles usually
3"-o/', or rarely 3' long ; spikes 3-io-flowered ;
fruit obliquely ellipsoid, about i" long and \"
thick curved and 2-grooved on the back or some-
times with 3 distinct keels, the face slightly
arched, beaked by a straight or recurved style;
apex of the embryo slightly incurved and point-
ing inside the base. Propagative buds occur in
greater or less abundance.

In ponds and slow streams. New Brunswick to
British Columbia, south to Virginia, Texas and Cali-
fornia. Also in Europe. July-Aug. The forms listed
in the above synonymy are all more or less dis-
tinctly, if inconstantly variable from the type. They
are not sufficiently stable to merit specific recognition.

This is the commonest of the completely submerged Pondweeds. It may readily be distin-
guished from all other species of its group by its boat-shaped stipules which are usually twice as
wide as the base of the leaf.

GENUS i.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Robbing) Morong. Thread-like Pond weed.

Fig. 201.

Potamogeton ptisillus var. (?) gemmiparus Rob-
bins in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 489. 1867.

Potamogeton gemmiparus Morong, Coult. Bot.
Gaz. 5 : 51. 1880.

Stems filiform, terete, branching, s'-4 long.
Leaves capillary, sometimes not as wide as the
stem, often with no perceptible midrib, taper-
ing to the finest point, i'-3' long, 2-glandular
at the base; stipules \'-\' long, acute or obtuse,
mostly deciduous ; spikes interrupted, 3-6-flow-
ered; peduncles filiform or sometimes slightly
thickened, -2' long; fruit seldom formed,
similar to that of P. pusillus.
i

In ponds, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode
Island. It is commonly propagated by its abun-
dant buds, the leaves and stems are often alike
in thickness so that the plant seems to consist
of threads. Aug.-Sept. A very slender form of
the preceding and doubtfully distinct from it.

29. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafinesque's Pond weed. Fig. 202.

Potamogeton hybridus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i :
101. 1803. Not Thuill. 1790.

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Med. Rep. (II.)
5: 354- 1808.

Potamogeton diversifolius multidenticulatiis Mo-
rong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: Part 2, 48. 1893.

Potamogeton diversifolius trichophyllus Morong,
Mem. Torr. Club, 3 : part 2, 49. 1893.

Stems flattened or sometimes terete, much
branched. Floating leaves coriaceous, the
largest i' long by \' wide, oval or elliptic and
obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute ; petioles
generally shorter, but sometimes longer than
the blades, filiform or dilated; submerged
leaves setaceous, seldom over \" wide, i'-3'
long; stipules obtuse or truncate, 3"-s" long,
those of the floating leaves free, those of the
submerged leaves sometimes adnate ; emersed
peduncles 3"-7" long; submerged peduncles
2" -3" long, clavate, as long as the spikes ;
emersed spikes 3"-s" long, occasionally inter-
rupted ; fruit cochleate, rarely over \" long,
3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly winged and usually with 7-12 knob-like teeth on the mar-
gin, the lateral keels sharp or toothed; embryo coiled ii times^

In still water, Maine to Florida, west to California and Texas. June-Sept. A common and
well-marked species which often covers large areas of water, practically to the exclusion of every-
thing else. From P. dimorpliiis. its nearest relative, it may readily be distinguished by its distinctly
stalked submerged spikes of flowers. ..

86

ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

VOL. I.

30. Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Spiral
Pondweed. Fig. 203.

Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Month. Mag. Crit.
358. 1817.

Rev.

(II.)

In ponds and ditches, Nova Scotia
Nebraska. June-Aug.

31. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Filiform
Pondweed. Fig. 204.

Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Syn. I : 152. 1805.
Potamogeton filiformis Macounii Morong ; Macoun, Cat.

Can. PI. 4: 88. 1888.

Stems from a running rootstock, slender, 3-2O
long, filiform above, stout and thick towards the
base. Leaves numerous, 2'-i2' long, \"-\" wide,
i-nerved with a few cross veins ; sheaths about 2"
long and the free part of the stipule shorter, scarious
on the edges ; flowers on long, often recurved pedun-
cles, 2-12 in each whorl, the whorls i'-i' apart ; fruit
\"-\\" long, slightly less than i" wide, the sides even,
the back not keeled, the face nearly straight or ob-
tusely angled near the top ; stigma nearly or quite
sessile, remaining on the fruit as a broad truncate
projection. Embryo a complete spiral, the curved
apex pointing inside the base.

In ponds and lakes, Anticosti to western New York
and Montana. August.

Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci.

6: 228. 1848.

Potamogeton Spirillus curvifolius Peck, N. Y. State
Mus. Rep. 49: 28. 1896.

Stems compressed, branched, 6'-2o' long, the
branches often short and recurved. Floating leaves
oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about i' long and
i' wide, with 5-13 nerves deeply impressed beneath,
their petioles often i' long; submerged leaves linear,
ii"-2" long, about \" wide, mostly 5-nerved; stipules
of the upper floating leaves free; those of the sub-
merged leaves adnate to the blade or petiole ; spikes
above water 3"-s" long, continuous, the lower mostly
sessile, capitate and i-io-f ruited ; fruit cochleate,
roundish, less than i" long, flat and deeply impressed
on the sides, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel
winged and rarely 4~5-toothed ; style deciduous ; em-
bryo spiral, about ii turns,
and Ontario toMinnesota, south to Virginia, Missouri and

32. Potamogeton interior Rydb.
Pondweed. Fig. 205.

Potamogeton interior Rydb. Fl. Colorado 13
Potamogeton marinus occidentalis Robb.

Inland

marnus
1871.

1906.
Bot. King's

Exp. 339.

Potamogeton filiformis occidentalis A. Benn. Ann. Con-
serv. Jard. Genev. 9: 102. 1905.

Stem slender, much branched and longer than in
the preceding; leaves all submerged, capillary or
narrowly linear, with an acute or more or less pun-
gent apex, 2'-6' long, i"-S" wide, mostly i-nerved;
stipules adnate to the leaf-bases, the sheath at least
7" long, the free part shorter ; spikes few-flowered,
often interrupted, i'-3^' long; peduncles as thick as
the stem, ii'-7' long; nutlets sometimes slightly
pitted, without keels or inconspicuously i-keeled;
style almost invisible; embryo an incomplete spiral,
the straight apex pointing directly towards the base.

Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Utah
and Colorado.

GENUS i.

PONDWEED FAMILY.

33. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel-
leaved Pondweed. Fig. 206.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.

Stems slender, much branched, i-3 long, the
branches repeatedly forking. Leaves setaceous, atten-
uate to the apex, i-nerved, i'-6' long, aften capillary
and nerveless; stipules half free, \'-\' long, their
sheaths scarious on the margins; peduncles filiform,
2'-ia' long, the flowers in verticils; fruit obliquely
obovoid, with a hard thick shell, ii"-2" long, i"-ii"
wide, without a middle keel, but with obscure lateral
ridges on the back, plump on the sides and curved or
occasionally a little angled on the face; style straight
or recurved, facial; embryo apex pointing almost
directly toward the basal end.

In fresh, brackish or salt water, Cape Breton to Brit-
ish Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and California.
Also in Europe. Pondgrass. July-Aug.

Inter-

34. Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel.
rupted Pondweed. Fig. 207.

Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel in Schultes, OEst. Fl.

Ed. 2, 328. 1814.
Potamogeton flabellatus Bab. Man. Bot. Ed. 3, 343. 1851.

Stems arising from a running rootstock which often
springs from a small tuber, 2-4 long, branched, the
branches spreading like a fan. Leaves linear, obtuse or
acute, 3'-$' long, i"-i" wide, 3-S-nerved with many
transverse veins; narrow, i-nerved leaves on some
plants, these acuminate, as P. pectinatus; stipules par-
tially adnate to the leaf-blade, the adnate part -l'-i' long,
sometimes with narrowly scarious margins, the free part
shorter, scarious, obtuse; peduncles i'-2 f long; spikes
interrupted ; fruit broadly and obliquely obovoid, obtuse
at the base, the largest 2" long and nearly as broad.
keeled and with rounded lateral ridges on the back, the
face nearly straight; style facjal, erect.

In ponds and streams, Michigan, Nebraska, Saskatche-
wan and Wisconsin. Also in Europe. August.

35. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes.
Robbins' Pondweed. Fig. 208.

Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag.
7: 180. 1841.

Stems stout, wide-branching, 2-4 long,
from running rootstocks. Leaves linear,
3'-S' long, 2"-3" wide, acute, many-nerved,
crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate,
auriculate at attachment with the stipule ;
stipules with the adnate portion and sheath-
ing base of the leaf about \' long, the free
part i'-i' long, acute, persistent, white,
membranous, lacerate; peduncles i'-3' long,
inflorescence frequently much branched,
with 5-20 peduncles ; spikes interrupted,
i'-i' long, flowering under water; fruit
obovoid, about 2" broad and ij" wide,
3-keeled on the back, middle keel sharp,
lateral ones rounded, face arched, sides
with a shallow depression running into the
face below the arch ; style subapical, thick,
slightly recurved ; apex of the embryo
pointing a little inside the basal end.

In ponds and lakes, New Brunswick to Oregon, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Michigan. The plant is freely propagated by fragments of the stems which throw out rootlets
from each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. Aug.-Sept.

88

ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

VOL. I.

2. RUPPIA L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.

Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate i-nerved leaves
tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. Flowers on a capillary spadix-
like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each with 2 large separate sacs attached
by their backs to the peduncle, having between them several .pistillate flowers in 2 sets on
opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the
leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small, obliquely pointed drupe, several in each cluster
and pedicelled ; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end indexed, and both that and the hypocotyl
immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a German botanist.]

In the development, the staminate flowers drop off, the peduncle elongates, bearing the pistillate
flowers in 2 clusters ; after fertilization it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the water.

Three or four species, occurring in salt and brackish waters all over the world. Type species :
Ruppia marititna L. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America.
Sheaths 3 "-4" long; drupes about i" long. i. R. maritima.

Sheaths J^'-iJ^' long; drupes \y 2 "-2" long. 2. R. occidcntalis.

i. Ruppia maritima L. Sea- or Ditch-grass. Tassel Pondweed. Fig. 209.

Ruppia maritima L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753.
Ruppia curvicarpa A. Nelson, Bull. Torrey

Club 26: 122. 1899.

Stems often whitish, 2-3 long, the in-
ternodes irregular, naked, i'-3' long. Leaves
i '-3' long, i" or less wide; sheaths 3" -4"
long, with a short free tip ; peduncles in
fruit sometimes i long; pedicels 4-6 in a
cluster, \'-\\' long; drupes with a dark hard
shell, ovoid, about i" long, often oblique or
gibbous at the base, pointed with the long
style, but varying much in shape; forms
with very short peduncles and pedicels, and
with broad, strongly marked sheaths occur.

Common along the coasts and in saline dis-
tricts in the interior. Old World and South
America. Tassel-grass. July-Aug.

2. Ruppia occidentals S. Wats. West-
ern Ruppia. Fig. 210.

Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.

25: 138. Sept. 1890.
Ruppia lacttstris Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 5 : 372.

Nov. 1890.

Stems stouter, i-2 long, the branching
fan-like. Leaves 3'-8' long, their large sheaths
i'-ii' long; branches and leaves often thickly
clustered at the nodes, the sheaths overlapping
each other; drupes larger, \\"-2." long, ovoid
or pyriform, borne on pedicels about i' long,
the peduncles bright red when fresh and some-
times nearly 2 in length.

In saline ponds, Nebraska to British Columbia.

3. ZANNICHELLIA L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753.

Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, corresponding to
the stipule in Potamogeton. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same axil; the staminate
solitary, consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a short pedicel-like filament; the
pistillate 2-5. Ovary flask-shaped, tapering into a short style; stigma broad, hyaline, some-
what cup-shaped, its margins angled or dentate. Fruit a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or
sometimes toothed on the back. Embryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In honor
of J. H. Zannichelli, 1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist.]

Two or three species of wide distribution in fresh water, the following typical.

GENUS i.

NAIAS FAMILY.
Horned

i. Zannichellia palustris L.
Pondweed. Fig. 211.

Zannichellia palustris L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753-
Z. intermedia Torrey ; Beck Bot. 385. 1833.

Stems capillary, sparsely branched, the rhi-
zome creeping, the roots fibrous. Leaves i'-.y
long, I" or less wide, acute, thin, i -nerved
with a few delicate cross-veins ; spathe-like
envelope separate from the leaves and fruits
at maturity; fruits 2-6 in a cluster, i"-2"
long, sometimes sessile, sometimes pedicelled,
sometimes the whole cluster peduncled ; style
persistent, \"-\" long; plant flowering and
ripening its fruit under water.

In fresh or brackish water, nearly throughout
North America, except the extreme north.
Widely distributed in the Old World. July-Sept.

Family 4. NAIADACEAE (Lindl.)
Asch. Linnaea 35 : 160. 1867.

Submerged marine or fresh-water herbs with fibrous roots and slender, branch-
ing stems. Internodes spiny or unarmed. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled,
the blades linear, spiny on the margins or the back, or both, acute or obtuse at the
apex, sometimes tipped with one or more subulate spines, sheathing at the base.
Leaf-sheaths rounded or auriculate, entire or with spinulose teeth. The 2 intra-
vaginal scales minute and hyaline. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in
the axils. Staminate flowers with a double perianth-like envelope, the inner
hyaline, the outer 4-horned or entire. Stamen i, sessile. Anthers i-4-celled.
Pistillate flowers of a single pistil. Style short or wanting. Stigmas 2-4 and
sometimes intermingled with 1-3 stigmoids. Fruit a sessile drupelet, the solitary
seed filling the pericarp. The seed apparently smooth and shining, or reticulated
with angled or roundish areolae. Embryo straight. Only the following genus :

i. NAIAS L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.

Characters of the family. Slender, branching, submerged aquatics. Flowers sessile or
pedicelled. Sterile flowers with a double perianth, the exterior one entire or 4-horned at the
apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to the anther; stamen sessile or stalked, i-4-celled,
apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit. Fertile flowers of a single ovary which tapers into a
short style; stigmas 2-4, subulate. Mature carpel sessile, ellipsoid, its pericarp crustaceous.
Seed conformed to the pericarp, the raphe distinctly marked. [Greek, water-nymph.]

About 10 species in fresh water all over the world. There is one other American species
known only from Florida and Cuba. Type species : Naias marina L.

Sheaths broadly rounded, their margins entire or with a few large teeth. i. N. marina.

Sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded, each margin with 5-10 minute teeth; leaves linear.

Seeds shining, with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. 2. N. flc.rilis.

Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. guadalupensis.

Sheaths auriculate ; leaves filiform. 4. N. gracillima.

i. Naias marina L. Large Naias. Fig. 212.

Naias marina L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.

Naias major All. Fl. Fed. 2: 221. 1785.

N. marina gracilis Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 10 : 255. 1885.

Naias marina recurvata Dudley, Cayuga Fl. 104. 1886.

Naias gracilis Small, Fl. S. E. U. S. 40. 1903.

Dioecious, stem stout, compressed, commonly armed
with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves oppo-
site or verticillate, 6"-i2" long, about i" wide, with
spine-pointed teeth on each margin and frequently sev-
eral along the back ; sheaths with rounded lateral edges ;
fruit large, 2"-2\" long, the pericarp as well as the seed
rugosely reticulated, tipped with a long persistent style
and 3 thread-like stigmas ; seed not shining.

In lakes. Central New York to Florida, west to Califor-
nia. Summer. Also in Europe.

NAIADACEAE.

VOL. I.

In

2. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. &
Schmidt. Slender Naias. Fig. 213.

Caulinia flexilis Willd. Abh. Akad. Berlin, 95.

1803.

N. flexilis Rost. & Schmidt, Fl. Sed. 384. 1824.
Naias flexilis robusta Morong, Coult. Bot. Gaz.

10 : 255- 1885.

Stem slender or stout, 3-6 long, forking.
Leaves linear, pellucid, acuminate or abruptly
acute, \'-\' long, \"-\" wide, numerous and
crowded on the upper parts of the branches,
with 25-30 minute teeth on each edge ; sheaths
obliquely rounded with 5-10 teeth on each
margin ; fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp,
i "-2" long, \"-\" in diameter; style long, per-
sistent; stigmas short; seed smooth, shining,
straw-colored, sculptured, though sometimes
quite faintly, with 30-40 rows of square or
hexagonal reticulations scarcely seen through
the dark pericarp,
ponds and streams throughout nearly all North America. Also in Europe. Summer.

3. Naias guadalupensis ( Sprang. ) Morong.
Guadaloupe Naias. Fig. 214.

Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. i: 20. 1825.
Naias guadalupensis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3 :
Part 2, 60. 1893.

Stem nearly capillary, i-2 long, widely branched
from the base. Leaves numerous, 6"-o/' long,
i"-J" wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5,
frequently recurved, with sheaths and teeth like
those of N. flcxilis but generally with 40-50 teeth
on each margin of the leaf; fruit about i" long;
pericarp dark and strongly marked by 16-20 rows
of hexagonal or rectangular reticulations which
are transversely oblong; seed straw-colored.

In ponds and lakes, Pennsylvania to Oregon,
Florida and Texas. Tropical America. July-Sept.

4. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus.
Thread-like Naias. Fig. 215.

Naias Indica var. gracillima A. Br. ; Engelm. in A.

Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 681. 1867.
Naias gracillima Magnus, Beitr. 23. 1870.

Monoecious, stem capillary, 6'-is' long, much
branched, the branches alternate. Leaves numer-
ous, opposite or often fascicled in 3's-s's or more,
setaceous, '-2' long, usually with about 20 minute
teeth on each margin ; sheaths auricled, with 6 or
7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth standing upon
setaceous divisions of the sheath ; stigmas very
short; fruit oblong-cylindric, ' long, i" in diam-
eter, slightly curved inwardly or straight, the peri-
carp straw-colored or purplish, marked by about
25 rows of irregularly oblong reticulations.
In pools and ponds, eastern Massachusetts to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Missouri. July-Sept.

Family 5. ZOSTERACEAE Demort. Anal. Fam. 65, 66. 1829.

EEL-GRASS FAMILY.

Perennial marine plants with creeping rootstocks and flattened, branching
stems. Leaves all alternate, 2-ranked, linear, flat or complicate, acute or obtuse
at the apex and sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arranged

GENUS I.

EEL-GRASS FAMILY.

on a one-sided spadix and enclosed in a close fitting ultimately rupturing spathe.
Perianth none, but some of the flowers covered by a hyaline envelope. Staminate
flower of a single, sessile, i-celled anther. Pistillate flower of two, united carpels,
with a short or elongated style and 2 thread-like stigmas. Seeds ribbed or smooth.
Represented in North America by two genera, one Pacific and the following :

i. ZOSTERA L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753.

Marine plants with slender rootstocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves 2-ranked,
sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed margins. Spadix linear, contained in a spathe.
Flowers monoecious, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the spadix. Staminate flower merely
an anther attached to the spadix near its apex, i-celled, opening irregularly on the ventral
side; pollen thread-like. Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle; ovary i; style
elongated ; stigmas 2, capillary ; mature carpels flask-shaped, membranous, rupturing irregu-
larly beaked; seeds ribbed; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.J

About 6 species of marine distribution, the following the type of the genus.

i. Zostera marina L. Eel-grass. Grass-wrack or Sea-wrack. Fig. 216.

Zostera marina L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753.

Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, i-6
long, i"~4" wide, with 3-7 principal nerves. Spa-
dix \'-2\' long; flowers about 3" long, crowded,
usually from 10-20 of each kind on the spadix;
ovary somewhat vermiform; at anthesis the stig-
mas are thrust through the opening of the spathe
and drop off before the anthers of the same
spadix open ; the anthers at anthesis work them-
selves out of the spathe and discharge the glutin-
ous stringy pollen into the water; seeds cylindric,
strongly about 2O-ribbed, about \\" long and '
in diameter, truncate at both ends, the ribs show-
ing very clearly on the pericarp.

In bays, streams and ditches along the Atlantic
Coast from Greenland to Florida and on the Pacific
from Alaska to California. Also on the coasts of
Europe and Asia. Called also Wrack or Widgeon-
grass ; Sea, Sweet, Barnacle and Turtle-grass, Grass-
weed, Tiresome-weed, Bell-ware, Drew. Summer.

Family 6. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. PI. 44. 1858.

ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

Marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and small spicate or racemose perfect
flowers. Perianth 4-6-parted, its segments in two series, persistent or deciduous.
Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers mostly 2-celled and
extrorse. Carpels 3-6, i-2-ovuled, more or less united until maturity, dehiscent
or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight.

Four genera and about 10 species of wide geographic distribution.

Leaves all basal ; flowers numerous on naked scapes, spicate or racemed. i. Triglochin.

Stem leafy ; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. Scheuchseria.

i. TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths. Flowers
in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments 3-6, concave, the 3
inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly
so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments and attached by their backs. Ovaries 3-6,
i-celled, sometimes abortive; ovules solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Style short or none.
Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. Fruit of 3-6 cylindraceous oblong or obovoid
carpels, which are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe separating from the base
upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved, dehiscing by a ventral
suture. Seeds erect, cylindraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or angular. [Greek, in allu-
sion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.]

About 9 species, natives of the temperate and subarctic zones of both hemispheres. Type
species : Triglochin palustris L. Only the following are known to occur in North America.
Carpels 3.

Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. i. T. palustris.

Fruit nearly globose. 2. T. striata.

Carpels 6 ; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3. T. maritima.

9 2

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Triglochin palustris L. Marsh Arrow-grass.
Fig. 217.

Triglochin palustris L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Rootstock short, oblique, with slender fugacious
stolons. Leaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 5'-i2'
long, tapering to a sharp point ; ligules very short; scapes
i or 2, slender, striate, 8'-2o' high ; racemes s'-i2' long ;
pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed and 2$"-3i"
long; perianth-segments 6, greenish-yellow; anthers 6,
sessile; pistil of 3 united carpels, 3-celled, 3-ovuled ;
stigmas sessile ; fruit 3"-3i" long, linear or clavate ; ripe
carpels separating from the axis and hanging suspended
from its apex, the axis 3-winged.

In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to New York, In-
diana and Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

2. Triglochin striata R. & P. Three-ribbed
Arrow-grass. Fig. 218.

Triglochin striata R. & P. Fl. Per. 3: 72. 1802.
Triglochin triandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 208. 1803.

Rootstocks upright or oblique. Scapes i or 2, more
or less angular, usually not over 10' high ; leaves slen-
der, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite as long as the
scapes, i"-i" wide; flowers very small, light yellow or
greenish, in spicate racemes; pedicels 4"-i" long, not
elongating in fruit; perianth-segments 3, stamens 3;
anthers oval, large ; pistil of 3 united carpels ; fruit sub-
globose or somewhat obovoid, about i" in diameter,
appearing 3-winged when dry by the contracting of the
carpels ; carpels coriaceous, rounded and 3-ribbed on
the back ; axis broadly 3-winged.

In saline marshes, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana.
Also in California and tropical America. June-Sept.

3. Triglochin maritima L.

grass. Spike-grass.

Seaside Arrow-
Fig. 219.

Triglochin maritima L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753-
Triglochin data Nutt. Gen. i: 237. 1818.
Triglochin maritima var. data A. Gray, Man. Ed.
2, 437. 1852. In part.

Rootstock without stolons, often subligneous,
the caudex thick, mostly covered with the sheaths
of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly terete, 6'-2
high; leaves half-cylindric, usually about i" wide;
raceme elongated, often 16' or more long; pedicels
decurrent, i"-i$" long, slightly longer in fruit;
perianth segments 6, each subtending a large ses-
sile anther; pistil of 6 united carpels; fruit oblong
or ovoid, 2i"-3" long, ii"-2" thick, obtuse at the
base, with 6 recurved points at the summit ; car-
pels 3-angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back,
or the dorsal edges curving upward and winged,
separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis.

In salt marshes, along the Atlantic seaboard from Labrador to New Jersey, and in fresh or
saline marshes to Alaska, California and Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.

GENUS 2.

ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

93

2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.

Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, and erect leafy stems, the leaves elon-
gated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore at the apex and a
membranous ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, racemose. Perianth 6-parted, regu-
larly 2-serial. persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments
elongated ; anthers linear, basifixed, extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at
the base, i-celled, each cell with i or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papillose or slightly
fimbriate. Carpels divergent, inflated, coriaceous, i-2-seeded, follicle-like, laterally dehiscent.
Seeds straight or slightly curved, without endosperm. [Name in honor of Johann Jacob
Scheuchzer, 1672-1733, Swiss scientist.]

A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone.

i. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Fig. 220.

Scheuchzeria palustris L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753-

Leaves 4'-i6' long, the uppermost reduced to
bracts; stems solitary or several, usually clothed at
the base with the remains of old leaves, 4'-io' tall ;
sheaths of the basal leaves often 4' long with a
ligule long; pedicels 3"-io" long, spreading in
fruit ; flowers white, few, in a lax raceme ; perianth-
segments membranous, i-nerved, li" long, the inner
ones the narrower ; follicles 2"~4" long, slightly if
at all united at the base ; seeds oval, brown, 2*"-3"
long with a very hard coat.

In bogs, Labrador to Hudson Bay and British Co-
lumbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin
and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.

Family 7. ALISMACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3: 181. 1805.^

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose stems
and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate.
Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pedicelled, the pedicels verticil-
late and subtended by bracts. Receptacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, persistent.
Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or more ; anthers
2-celled, extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous or rarely few,
i-celled, usually with a single ovule in each cell. Carpels becoming achenes in
fruit in our species. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Endo-
sperm none. Latex-tubes are found in all the species, according to Micheli.

About 13 genera and 65 species, of wide distribution in fresh water swamps and streams.
Carpels borne in one series: achenes verticillate. i. Alisma.

Carpels borne in several series ; achenes capitate.
Flowers perfect.

Style not apical ; fruit-heads not echinate ; achene turgid, obscurely beaked. 2. Helianthium.
Style apical ; fruit-heads echinate : achene flat, prominently beaked. 3. Echinodonts.

Flowers polygamous, monoecious or dioecious.

Lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect. 4. Lophotocarpiis,

Lower flowers of the inflorescence pistillate. 5. Sagittaria.

i. ALISMA L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753.

Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves, the blades several-ribbed,
the ribs connected by transverse veinlets, or seemingly pinnately veined. Scapes short or
elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate-paniculate. Flowers small, numerous on
unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels, the petals white or rose-tinted. Stamens 6 or 9, subperigynous.
Ovaries few or many, borne in one whorl on a small flat receptacle, ripening into flattened
achenes which are 2-3-ribbed on the curved back and i-2-ribbed on the sides. [Greek, said
to be in reference to the occurrence of the typical species in saline situations.!

About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Only the following
are known to occur in North America. Type species : Alisma Plantago-aqnatica L.
Achenes longer than wide, grooved on the back, the inner edges not meeting in the whorl ;

peduncles and pedicels straight, ascending.

Petals slightly longer than the sepals; corolla i I /2"-2 I 4" wide. i. A. snbcordatitm.

Petals much longer than the sepals; corolla s"-6}/2" wide. 2. A. brevipes.

Achenes as wide as long, ridged on the back, the inner edges meeting in the whorl ; peduncles and
pedicels recurved in fruit. 3. A. Geyeri.

* Text revised by DR. JOHN KUNKEL SMALL.

ALISMACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Alisma subcordatum Raf. Amer-
ican Water-plantain. Fig. 221.

Alisma subcordatum Raf. Med. Repos. N. Y. 5 :

362. 1808.

Alisma Plantago Bigel. Fl. Bost. 87. 1814.
Alisma Plantago parviflorum Torr. Fl. N. U. S.

382. 1824.
/llisma Plantago americanum R. & S. Syst. 7 :

1598. 1830.

Plants erect ; leaves oblong, elliptic, oval or
ovate, or sometimes narrower, ii'-6' long,
usually abruptly pointed at the apex, cuneate
to truncate, or cordate at the base, the petioles
often longer than the blades ; scapes J-3 tall,
solitary or several together, the branches and
pedicels in whorls of 3-10, variable in length,
usually slender, sometimes filiform ; bracts
lanceolate or linear, often acuminate; sepals
broadly ovate to suborbicular, obtuse; petals
white or pinkish, \"-\" long; achene-heads
if"-2i" broad, the achenes obliquely obovate,
|"-i" long, the beak small, ascending.

In shallow water and mud, Massachusetts to
Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Differs from
the Old World A. Plantago-aquatica L., with which it has been united. Great Thrumwort, Mad-
dog-weed, Deil's-spoons. June-Sept.

2. Alisma brevipes Greene. Western Water-
plantain. Fig. 222.

Alisma brevipes Greene, Pittonia 4: 158. 1900.

Alisma superbum Lunell, Bull. Leeds Herb, 2 : 5. 1908.

Plants similar to A. subcordatum in habit, but com-
monly larger ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate to
ovate, 2'-7i' long ; acute, sometimes abruptly pointed at
the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base
or sometimes gradually narrowed to the petiole which
commonly exceeds the blade in length ; scapes 3 tall or
less, the branches and pedicels very numerous, except in
small plants; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate;
sepals suborbicular or orbicular-ovate, mostly over \\"
long; petals white, 2i"-3" long; achene-heads 2\"-T,\"
broad, the achenes obovate, \\"-i\" long.

In swamps and streams. Nova Scotia to Ontario, British
Columbia, North Dakota and California. July-Sept.

3. Alisma Geyeri Torr. Geyer's
Water-plantain. Fig. 223.

Alisma arcuatum Lunell, Bot. Gaz. 43: 210.
1907. Not Michalet. 1854.

Alisma Geyeri Torr. in Nicollet, Rep. Hydro-
graph. Miss. Riv. 162. 1843.

Plants diffuse; leaves oblong, elliptic,
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or
rarely linear, 2'-^' long, acute or slightly
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, the petioles usually longer than the
blades; scapes mostly S-if long, more or
less diffusely spreading, the branches and
pedicels relatively stout ; bracts lanceolate ;
sepals orbicular-ovate, about \\" long;
petals pink, i"-2" long; achene-heads 2\"-
2!" broad, the achenes suborbicular, about
i" in diameter, the beak erect or nearly so.

In mud and shallow water, New York to
North Dakota, Oregon and Nevada. July-Sept.

GENUS 2.

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

95

2. HELIANTHIUM Engelm. ; Britton, Man. Ed. 2, 54. 1905.

Annual or perennial scapose marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves erect or ascending, or
floating, narrow and gradually narrowed into the petiole or broad and deeply cordate at the
base, 3-several-ribbed. Scapes as long as the leaves or longer, terminating in a few-flowered
whorl or a many-flowered panicle, the pedicels spreading or recurving in fruit. Flowers per-
fect. Sepals 3, broad, embracing the fruit-head or reflexed beneath it. Petals 3, mainly
white or pink, about as long as the sepals. Stamens 6 or 9 ; filaments elongate ; anthers very
short, often broader than long. Carpels relatively few, borne in few series on an elevated
receptacle. Style not apical, minute ; stigma acute. Achenes forming a globular or depressed
head, turgid, crested-ribbed, obscurely beaked or beakless. [Name from the Greek, meaning
sunflower.]

Two known species, the following, and one in Cuba. Type species : Echinodorus parvulus
Engelm.

Helianthium parvulum (Engelm.) Small. Dwarf Water-plantain. Fig. 224.

?Alisma tenelhnn Mart. ; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7 :

1600. 1830.
Echinodorus parvulus Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 2, 438. 1856.
? 'Echinodorus tenellus Buchenau, Abh. Nat.

Gesell. Bremen 2: 18. 1868.
Helianthium tenellum Britton, Man. Ed. 2, 54.

1904.
Helianthium parvulum Small, N. A. Fl. 17* :

45. 1909.

Plants 6' tall or less; leaves linear to
elliptic or oblong, 4"-is" long, acute or
acutish at the apex, 3-veined, gradually nar-
rowed into the slender petioles which usually
somewhat exceed the blade in length ; scapes
solitary or few together, mostly as long as
the leaves or longer; pedicels mostly 2-8,
recurved in fruit, ii"-2i" long; sepals or-
bicular-ovate or deltoid-ovate, I "-2" long;
petals suborbicular, about as long as the
sepals, emarginate at the apex; fruit-heads
globular. i*'-2" in diameter, embraced by
the persistent calyx ; achenes 4"-l" long, the
ribs obscurely crested.

In mud and shallow water, Massachusetts
to Western Ontario, Minnesota, Florida, Texas
and Mexico. Also in Cuba. April-Aug. This
species was referred in the first edition of
this work to Alisma tenellum Mart, a plant
similar in habit, which appears to be con-
fined to South America ; it has been re-
garded by other authors as an Echinodorus.

3. ECHINODORUS Rich. ; Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848.

Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate often cordate
or sagittate leaves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines. Scapes often longer
than the leaves ; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the flowers verticillate, each verticil
with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles ; flowers perfect ; sepals 3, distinct, per-
sistent ; petals white, deciduous ; receptacle large, convex or globose ; stamens 12-30 ; ovaries
numerous ; style obliquely apical, persistent ; stigma simple ; fruit achenes, more or less com-
pressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to the
spinose heads of fruit.]

About 14 species, mostly natives of America. Only the following are known in North
America. Type species : Alisma rostratum Nutt.

Scapes reclining or prostrate; style shorter than the ovary; beak of achene short, i. E. radicans.

Scapes erect ; style longer than the ovary ; beak of achene long. 2. E. cordifolius.

ALISMACEAE.

VOL. I.

i. Echinodorus radicans ( Xutt.)
Engelm. Creeping Bur-head. Fig. 225.

Sagittaria radicans Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.

(II.) 5: 159. 1833-37-
Echinodorus radicans Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 2, 438. 1856.

Leaves coarse, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 2'-8'
long, i$'-7i' wide, marked with short pellucid
lines, nerves 5-9; cross-veins netted. Petioles
sometimes 20' long ; scapes creeping, 2-4
long, scabrous, often rooting at the nodes ;
verticils distant; bracts linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, dilated at the base; pedicels 3-12,
unequal, \'-2\' long, slender; sepals persistent,
shorter than the heads ; petals larger, obovate,
about 3" long; stamens about 20; style shorter
than the ovary ; achenes numerous, about 2"
long, 6-io-ribbed, with 2-several oval glands
on each side and beaks about one-fourth their
length ; fruiting heads 4" in diameter.

In swamps, Illinois to North Carolina and
Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. June-July.

2. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.
Upright Bur-head. Fig. 226.

Alisma cordifolia L. Sp. PI. 343. 1753.
Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 2, 538. 1856.
Echinodorus cordifolius Griseb. Abh. Kon.

Gesell. Wiss. Gott. 7: 257. 1857.
Echinodorus cordifolius lanceolatus Mack. &

Bush; Fl. Jackson Co. 10. 1902.

Leaves various, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 6' -8?
long and wide, in smaller plants sometimes
lanceolate, acute at each end, i'-2' long; pe-
tioles angular, striate, i'-io' high; scapes i or
more, erect, s'-i6' tall ; flowers 3^6 in the ver-
ticils; pedicels \'-V long, erect after flowering;
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, dilated at
the base; sepals shorter than the heads; petals
2"-3" long; stamens often 12; styles longer
than the ovary; fruiting heads bur-like, 2"-$"
in diameter; achenes i" long, narrowly obo-
vate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed ; beak apical, half
the length of the achene.

In swamps and ditches, Illinois to Florida,
west to Missouri and Texas. Also in tropical
America. June-July.

4. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand, Ind. Gen. Phan. X. 1888.

[LOPHIOCARPUS Miquel, Fl. Arch. Ind. i : Part 2, 50. 1870. Not Turcz. 1843.]
Perennial, bog or aquatic herbs with basal long-petioled sagittate or cordate leaves, simple
erect scapes bearing flowers in several verticils or 2-3 at the summit, the lower perfect, the
upper staminate. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing or enwrap-
ping the fruit. Petals white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Stamens 9-15, hypo-
gynous, inserted at the base of the receptacle. Filaments flattened. Pistils numerous ; ovule
solitary, erect, anatropous; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes winged or crested.
Embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit.]

About 7 species, the following of eastern North America, the others in the Southern States,
California and tropical America. Type species : Sagittaria calycina Engelm.

Leaves hastate or sagittate ; plants of fresh-water ponds or marshes.

Leaves with large basal lobes fully as long as the terminal one. i. L. caly dints.

Leaves with small basal lobes shorter than the terminal lobe. 2. L. depauperatits.
Leaves imperfect or obsolete, the phyllodia thick or partially flattened ; plants of salt or brackish
water.

Phyllodia terete or nearly so, prominently nodose-septate. 3. L. spongiosits.

Phyllodia flat, more or less spatulate, not prominently nodose. 4. L. spathulatus.

GENUS 4.

WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY

i. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G.
Smith. Large Lophotocarpus. Fig. 227.

Sagittaria calycina Engelm. in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound

Surv. 212. 1859.
Lophiocarpus calycinus Micheli, in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3 :

61. 1881.
Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith, Mem.

Torrey Club 5: 25. 1894.
Lophotocarpus calycinus iiia.vimus Robinson in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 7, 84. 1908.

Plants mostly emersed; leaves i-2 tall, the petioles
stout, the blades sagittate, hastate or lunate, 2\'-\2 r
long, the basal lobes usually longer than the broad
terminal lobe, usually caudate-acuminate ; scapes shorter
than the leaves, the inflorescence usually simple, with
2-7 whorls; sepals suborbicular to orbicular-reniform,
becoming \\"-"j^" long; fruiting pedicels very thick,
usually elongate, mostly I } "-2" long; fruit-heads S?"-8"
in diameter; achenes broadly cuneate, i"-ij" long, the
beak stout, the dorsal wing thin.

In swamps. South Dakota to Delaware, Alabama, Texas
and New Mexico. July-Sept.

2. Lophotocarpus depauperatus J. G.

Smith. Small Lophotocarpus. Fig. 228.

Lophotocarpus depauperatus J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo.
Bot. Card, n : 148. 1890.

Plants mostly emersed; leaves i-i tall, the
petioles relatively slender, the blades oblong, ellip-
tic, sagittate or hastate, I'-ii' long, including the
basal lobes which are usually more or less spread-
ing; scapes about one-half as long as the leaves,
mostly with I or 2 whorls ; sepals suborbicular,
becoming 3"-3$" long; fruit-bearing pedicels
rather stout, i'-ii' long; fruit-heads 3 $"-4" in
diameter; achenes cuneate, fully i" long, or rarely
shorter, the beak slender, the dorsal wing thin.

On margins of ponds, Wisconsin to Illinois, Mis-
souri and Oklahoma. June-Sept.

3. Lophotocarpus spongiosus ( Engelm. )
J. G. Smith. Spongy Lophotocarpus.
Fig. 229.

Sagittaria calycina spongiosa Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 493. 1867.
Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith,

Rep. Mo. Bot. Card, n : 148. 1899.

Plants submerged; leaves J- tall, the
petioles stout and spongy, conspicuously no-
dose-septate, the blades spatulate, oblong, ellip-
tic, sagittate or hastate, J'-ii' long, the basal
lobes, when present, more or less falcate ;
scapes about one-half as long as the leaves or
less, the inflorescence simple, with one or two
whorls; sepals broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate,
becoming s"-6" long; fruiting pedicels very
stout, i'-J" long, or rarely longer; fruit-heads
3i"-S" in diameter; achenes cuneate, i"-ij"
long, the beak short, at the top of the achene-
body, the dorsal wing thin.

On margins of brackish ponds and tide-water
marshes, New Brunswick to Virginia. July-Aug.

ALISMACEAE.

VOL. I.

4. Lophotocarpus spathulatus J. G.

Smith. Spatulate Lophotocarpus.
Fig. 230.

Lophotocarpus spathulatus J. G. Smith, Rep.
Mo. Bot. Card, n : 149. 1899.

Plants aquatic; leaves less than 4' tall,
the petioles stout, not conspicuously septate,
the blades linear or spatulate dilations at
the top of the petioles, or wanting; scape
shorter than the leaves, stout but weak, the
inflorescence with but one whorl ; sepals
ovate to orbicular-ovate, becoming ii"
long; fruiting pedicels stout, about 5" long
or less; fruit-heads 2.1"-^' in diameter;
achens cuneate, l"-i" long, the beak much
below the top of the achene-body, the nar-
row dorsal wing thin.

On sandy beaches above salt-water, New-
buryport, Massachusetts. July-Sept.

SAGITTARIA L

1753-

Sp. PI. 993.

Perennial aquatic or bog herbs, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, fibrous
roots, basal long petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect,
decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodia (figs. 241, 242).
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils of 3's,
pedicelled, the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. Calyx of 3 persistent sepals,
those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our species. Petals 3, white, deciduous.
Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the convex receptacle ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by
lateral slits ; staminate flowers sometimes with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with
numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes with imperfect stamens; ovule solitary; stigmas small,
persistent. Achenes numerous, densely aggregated in globose or subglobose heads, com-
pressed. Seed erect, curved; embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Latin, referring to the arrow-
shaped leaves of some species, known generally as Arrow-head or Arroiv-leaf.]

About 40 species, natives of temperate and tropical regio&s. Besides the following, some 18
others occur in southern and western North America. Type species: Sagittaria sagittifolia L.

Fertile pedicels slender, ascending, not reflexed in fruit.
Leaf-blades sagittate or hastate.

Basal lobes one-fourth to one-half the length of the blade.
Beak of the achene erect.

Achene long-beaked, the beak mostly l / 2 the length of the body or more.

Achene obovate or orbicular-obovate, usually with i facial wing. i. S. longirostra.
Achene cuneate, usually with 2 prominent facial wings. 2. S. Engelmanniana.

Achene short-beaked, the beak mostly ]^ the length of the body or less.

Achene with thick nearly equal wings, the blunt beak over the inner edge of the

ventral wing. 3. S. cuneata.

Achene with thin unequal wings, the sharp beak over the outer edge of the

ventral wing. 4. S. brevirostra.

Beak of the achene horizontal.

Achene with nearly even faces : bracts and pedicels glabrous. 5. S. latifolia.
Achene faces prominently winged ; bracts and pedicels pubescent. 6. 5". pubescens.
Basal lobes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the blade. 7. S. longiloba.

Leaves entire, or rarely hastate or cordate.

Filaments tapering upward ; leaves seemingly pinnately veined. 8. S. ambigua.

Filaments glabrous ; bracts connate.

Filaments cobwebby-pubescent ; bracts mostly distinct. 9. S. falcata.

Filaments abruptly dilated, pubescent; veins distinct to the base. 10. S. rigida,
Fruiting heads sessile or very nearly so.
Both staminate and pistillate flowers pedicelled.

Leaves with terete or 3-sided blades, often imperfectly developed.

Achene with thick merely uneven facial wings or ridges, the beak erect.

ii. S. teres.

Achene with thin crested facial wings, the beak oblique. 12. S. cristata.
Leaves with flat blades.

Filaments suborbicular ; anthers longer than the filaments. 13. S. Eatonii.
Filaments oblong; anthers about as long as the filaments. 14. S. graminea.
Fertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit ; filaments dilated.

Filaments pubescent; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-elliptic. 15. S. platyphylla.

Filaments glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate or reduced to phyllodia.

Filaments about as long as the anthers ; achene with 3 undulate or slightly toothed crests.

1 6. S. subulata.

GENUS 5.

WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.

99

Filaments much longer than the anthers ; achene with 5-7 tuberculate or prominently
toothed crests. 17. S. lorata.

i. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J.

G. Smith. Long-beaked Arrow-head.

Fig. 231.

Sagittaria sagittaefolia var. longirostra Micheli

in DC. Monog. Phan. 3 : 69. 1881.
Sagittaria longirostra J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr.

Club, 5: 26. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scapes erect, rather
stout, i-3 tall. Leaves. hastate or sagittate,
4'-i2' long, abruptly acute at the apex, the
basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate or linear,
acute, one-third to one-half the length of the
blade ; scape usually longer than the leaves,
6-angjed below ; bracts triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, 7"-is" long, longer than the fertile
pedicels; petals 8"- 14" long; filaments gla-
brous; styles curved, twice as long as the
ovaries ; achene obovate, about 2" long, winged
on both margins, the ventral margin entire or
undulate, the dorsal eroded, its sides with a
short crest, its beak stout, erect or recurved.

In swamps and along ponds, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida and Alabama. July-Sept

2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. En-
gelmann's Arrow-head. Fig. 232.

Saggittaria variabilis var. ( ?) gracilis S. Wats, in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1889. Not Engelm.

Sas'ttaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
25- 1894-

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending, slender,
8'-2o' high. Leaves narrow, il'-S' long, i"~4" wide, acute
or obtuse at the apex, the basal lobes narrowly linear,
acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the blade;
scape striate, about as long as the leaves; bracts lanceo-
late, acute, shorter than the slender fertile pedicels, 4 A '-6"
long ; flowers 7"-! 2" broad ; filaments glabrous ; style about
twice as long as the ovary ; achene cuneate, 2" long, winged
on both margins and with 1-3 lateral wing-like crests on
each face, the beak stout, erect, about \" long.

In shallow water, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode
Island. Arrow-leaf. Aug.-Sept.

3. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. Arum-leaved
Arrow-head. Fig. 233.

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, Bull. Torrey Club 20 : 283.

1893-
Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. ; J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card.

6: 32. 1894.
Sagittaria arifolia stricta J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card.

6: 34. 1894.

Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or submerged, scape
weak, ascending or floating, -2 long. Leaves sagit-
tate, linear-lanceolate to ovate, il'-oT long, acute or
acuminate, long-petioled ; phyllodia, when present, of
two kinds, the one petiole-like and about as long as the
leaves, the other lanceolate and clustered at the base of
the plant ; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, or
rarely ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 6"-i2" broad ; achene
cuneate-obovate, i"-ii" long, the beak minute, erect
over the ventral wing.

In mud or water, Nova Scotia and Maine to Quebec,
British Columbia, Connecticut, Kansas, New Mexico and
California. July-Sept. In the first edition both figures
196 and 197 and the descriptions apply to this species.

100

ALISMACEAE.

VOL. I.

4. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush.
Short-beaked Arrow-leaf. Fig. 234.

Sagittaria variabilis dii'ersifolia Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 493. 1867.
Sagittaria brevirosta Mack. & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot.

Card. 16 : 102. 1905.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect, i-2 tall,
simple or branched. Leaves ovate to lanceolate,
sagittate or hastate, s'-i7' long, acute at the apex,
the basal lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
about i the length of the blade ; scape usually
taller than the leaves, 4-6-angled; bracts lanceo-
late to linear-lanceolate, attenuate ; flowers i'
broad or less; filaments glabrous, slender; achene
suborbicular to cuneate-obovate, i*"-\' long,
broadly winged on both margins, and ridged on
the sides, the short erect beak less than 4 as long
as the body.

In bogs and shallow streams, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida and Tennessee. Aug.-Oct.

5. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-
head. Fig. 235.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 409. 1806.

Sagittaria -cariabilis Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 461. 1848.

Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly
so, scape stout or slender, 4'-4 tall, simple or branched.
Leaves exceeding variable in form and size, sometimes
linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes
wider than long and obtuse; basal lobes from I to i as
long as the blade ; bracts acute, acuminate or obtuse, the
upper ones sometimes united; flowers i'-ij' wide; filaments
slender, glabrous; achene i"-2" long, broadly winged on
both margins, its sides even or i-ribbed, the beak about
one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so.

In shallow water, throughout North America, except the
extreme north, extending to Mexico. Variable. July-Sept.

6. Sagittaria pubescens Muhl. Hairy
Arrow-leaf. Fig. 236.

Sagittaria pubescens Muhl. Cat. 86. 1813.
Sagittaria sagittifolia pubescens Torr. Comp. 356.

1826.
Sagittaria variabilis pubescens Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 493. 1867.
Sagittaria latifolia pubescens J. G. Smith, Mem.

Torrey Glub 5: 25. 1894.

Monoecious or rarely dioecious, pubescent, scape
erect, i-2 tall, simple or rarely branched. Leaves
ovate, deltoid' or deltoid-lanceolate, mostly acute,
rarely acuminate at the apex ; basal lobes \ the
length of the blades or nearly so ; bracts obtuse,
sometimes broadly rounded; flowers i'-i' wide;
filaments very slender, glabrous; achene iJ"-2"
long, winged on both margins, its sides promi-
nently winged, the beak about \ its length.

In bogs and shallow water. Nova Scotia to Wis-
consin, Missouri and Kansas. July-Sept.

GENUS 5.

WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.

101

7. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. Long-lobed
Arrow-head. Fig. 237.

Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. 212. 1859.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, simple or
rarely branched, i-2 tall. Leaves long-petioled,
the apex acute, the b?sal lobes linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, about three-fourths the length of the blade;
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 3" -4" long, much shorter
than the very slender fertile pedicels which are
longer than the sterile ones; stamens numerous, the
filaments longer than the anthers; achene about i"
long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat broader above than
below, winged on both margins, its beak exceedingly
short.

In shallow water, Nebraska to Colorado, south to
Texas and Mexico.

8. Sagittaria ambigua J G. Smith. Kansas
Sagittaria. Fig. 238.

Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot.
Card. 6: 48. pi. 17. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending,
simple or sparingly branched, i-2 high. Leaves
lanceolate, entire, long-petioled, acute or acuminate
at both ends, seemingly pinnately veined, really 5-7-
nerved, s'-8' lor.g, equalling or shorter than the scape ;
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, s"-8" long, much shorter
than the slender fruiting pedicels, < connate at the
base, papillose ; stamens 20-25 ; filaments glabrous,
longer than the 'anthers ; achene about i" long, ob-
long, curved, narrowly winged on both margins, its
sides smooth and even, its beak short, oblique.

In ponds, Kansas and Oklahoma.

9. Sagittaria falcata Pursh. Scythe-fruited
Sagittaria. Fig. 239.

Sagittaria falcata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 297. 1814.

Sagittaria lancifolia falcata J. G. Smith, Mem. Torrey
Club 5 : 25. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous to the inflorescence, scape
erect, longer than the leaves, sometimes branched.
Leaves erect or nearly so, almost linear to elliptic,
the blades mostly 4-16' long, often slightly acumi-
nate, much shorter than the petioles ; whorls of the
inflorescence few or many; flowers 9"-! 5" broad;
bracts ovate, less than 5" long, obtuse or actitish,
granular-papillose ; filaments not dilated, pubescent ;
anthers shorter than the filaments ; achene cuneate,
about i" long, narrowly winged, the slender beak
usually ascending.

In shallow water and swamps, Delaware to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. Sagittaria lancifolia L., admitted
as including this species in the first edition, is distinct
from it, and inhabits Florida and tropical America.

IO2

ALISMACEAE.

VOL. 1.

10. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruited Arrow-head. Fig. 240.

Sagittaria rigida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 397. 1814.
Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 396. 1814. Not
Schreb. 1811.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape simple, weak, curving, as-
cending or decumbent, shorter than the leaves. Leaves
very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly ovate,
acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with i or 2 short or
slender basal lobes ; bracts ovate, obtuse, 2"-^" long, united
at the base or sometimes distinct ; heads of fruit sessile or
very nearly so; pedicels of the sterile flowers i'-i' long;
filaments dilated, mostly longer than the anthers, pubes-
cent; achene narrowly obovate, \\"-2" long, winged on
both margins, crested above, tipped with a stout r. early
erect beak of about one-fourth its length.

In swamps and shallow water, Quebec to Minnesota, south
to New Jersey, Tennessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Petioles
rigid when growing in running water. July-Sept.

ii. Sagittaria teres S. Wats.
Fig. 241.

Slender Sagittaria.

Sagittaria teres S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 555. 1890.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, erect, simple, 6'-i8'
long, bearing only 1-3 verticils of flowers. Leaves usually
reduced to elongated terete nodose phyllodia or some of
them short and bract-like, one or two of the longer ones
occasionally bearing a linear blade; bracts ovate, obtuse,
about ii" long, much shorter than the filiform fruiting
pedicels which are longer than the sterile ones ; flowers
6"-8" broad ; stamens about 12, their dilated filaments
pubescent, shorter than the anthers ; achene broadly obo-
vate, i" long, the ventral margin winged, the dorsal
7-1 1 -crested, the sides bearing several crenate crests, the
beak short, erect.

In ponds, Massachusetts to South Carolina. Aug.-Sept.

12. Sagittaria cristata Engelm. Crested Sagittaria. Fig. 242.

Sagittaria cristata Engelm. ; Arthur, Proc. Davenport Acad.
4: 29. 1882.

Monoecious, scape slender, erect, i-2\ high, simple,
bearing 4 or 5 verticils of flowers at or above the sur-
face of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy and
rigid, reduced to slender phyllodia or bearing linear-
lanceolate or elliptic blades 2'-^ long and 3"- 12" wide;
bracts acute, 2"-4" long, much shorter than the slender
fertile pedicels; flSwers 8"-io" broad; stamens about
24; filaments dilated, pubescent, at least at the middle,
longer than the anthers ; achene obliquely obovate, the
dorsal margin with a broad crenate wing, the ventral
straight-winged, each side bearing 2 crenate crests, the
beak short, oblique.

In shallow water, Iowa and Minnesota. Phyllodia are
commonly developed from the nodes of the rootstock.
July-Aug.

GENUS 5.

WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY

13. Sagittaria Eatonii J. G. Smith.
Eaton's Sagittaria. Fig. 243.

Sagittaria Eatonii J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gird.
ii : 150. 1899.

Monoecious, scape very slender, 4'-6' tall,
Leaves represented by flat phyllodia which are
attenuate from broad bases and often also by
longer blade-tipped petioles, the blades linear
or narrowly linear-lanceolate, io"-i7i" long,
acute or acuminate ; bracts ovate, about i" long,
united at the base ; pedicels of the pistillate
flowers filiform, mostly less than 5" long, those
of the staminate flowers longer than the former;
sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, becoming iF'-
2" long; corolla $"-42" broad; filaments sub-
orbicular, pubescent, much shorter than the
anthers ; anthers suborbicular, conspicuously
larger than the filaments; fruits not seen.

On sandy shores, between low and high tide,
Massachusetts, Connecticut and Long Island, New
York. July-Sept.

14. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sag-
ittaria. Fig. 244.

Sagittaria graminea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 190. 1803.

Monoecious or dioecious, glabrous, scape simple, erect, 4'-2
tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceolate or
elliptic, acute at both ends, or rarely with spreading or recurved
basal lobes, 2'-6' long, "-3" wide, 3~5-nerved, the nerves
distinct to the base, some of them occasionally reduced to
flattened phyllodia; bracts ovate, acute, iJ"-3" long, much
shorter than the slender or filiform fruiting pedicels, connate
to the middle or beyond ; flowers 4"-6" broad ; stamens about
18; filaments dilated, pubescent, longer than or equalling the
anthers; achene obovate, \"-\" long, slightly wing-crested on
the margins and ribbed on the sides, the beak very short.

In mud or shallow water, Newfoundland to Ontario and South
Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Early leaves often purplish.
July-Sept.

15. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G.
Smith. Ovate-leaved Sagittaria. Fig. 245.

Sagittaria graminea var. platyphylla Engelm. in A. Gray,

Man. Ed. 5, 494. 1867.
Sagittaria platyphylla J. G. Smith, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot.

Card. 6: 55. pi. 26. 1894.

Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect, simple, rather
weak, mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves rigid,
the blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic,
short-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, grad-
ually narrowed or rarely cordate or hastate at the
base, seemingly pinnately veined, 2*^-6' long ; bracts
broadly ovate, acute, connate at the base, 2"-^" long;
flowers 8"-i4" broad ; fertile pedicels stout, diver-
gent in flower, reflexed in fruit, i'-2^' long; fila-
ments dilated, pubescent, rather longer than the
anthers ; achene obliquely obovate, winged on both
margins, the dorsal margin somewhat crested, the
sides with a sharp wing-like ridge.

In swamps and shallow water, southern Missouri to
Mississippi and Texas. Phyllodia, when present, ob-
long or oblanceolate. July-Sept.

ALISMACEAE.

VOL. I.

16. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau.
Subulate Sagittaria. Fig. 246.

Alisma Subulata L. Sp. PI. 343. 1753.

Sagittaria pusilla Nutt. Gen. 2: 213. 1818.

5. subulata Buchen. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 2 : 490. 1871.

Monoecious or rarely dioecious, scape very slender,
2'-6' high, few-flowered, about equalling the leaves.
Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodia or sometimes
bearing linear or linear-lanceolate blades, i'-ii'
long ; bracts united or partly separated ; flowers 5"-8"
broad ; fertile pedicels reflexed, longer than the
bracts in fruit; stamens about 8; filaments about
equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous ; achenes less
than i" long, obovate, with narrow wings, 2 or 3
crests on each side, sometimes crenate ; beak short.

In tide-water mud, New York to Florida and Ala-
bama. July-Sept.

17. Sagittaria lorata (Chapm.) Small. Thong-
leaved Sagittaria. Fig. 247.

Sagittaria natans lorata Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 449. 1860.
^Sagittaria natans (f) gracillima S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man.

Ed. 6, 556. 1890.
?Sagittaria subulata gracillima J. G. Smith, in Mem. Torrey

Club 5: 26. 1894.
Sagittaria lorata Small, N. A. Fl. if 1 : 52. 1909.

Monoecious, scape elongate, i-3i long. Leaves with
bladeless petioles or blades when present floating, elliptic,
oblong or ovate-oblong, 7i"-25" long, rounded, subcordate
or hastate-truncate at the base ; phyllodia flattened, strap-
like; whorls one or several; bracts thin, acuminate; sepals
becoming \\"-2\" long; corolla fully 10" wide; achenes
\"-\\" long, with 5-7 prominently dentate or crenate crests,
the beak erect or curved upward.

In ponds and streams, New Jersey to Florida. The form 5". natans gracillima (the fruit of
which is unknown) in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

Butomus umbellatus L., a plant of the related family Butomaceae, with many-ovuled ovaries,
rose-colored flowers and narrow ensiform leaves, native of Europe and Asia, has been found on
the shores of the St. Lawrence River, near Montreal.

Family 8. VALLISNERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 54. 1829.

TAPE-GRASS FAMILY.

Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers regular,
mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 bracts or leaves.
Perianth 3-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid or the 3 outer ones small
and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base in the pistillate flowers.
Stamens 3-12. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae. Styles
3, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Ovules anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit
ripening under water, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, without endosperm.

About 6 genera and 25 species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Besides
the following, another genus, Halophila, occurs on the coast of Florida.

Stem branched ; leaves whorled or opposite. i. Philotria.

Acaulescent ; stoloniferous ; leaves grass-like, elongated. 2. Vallisneria.

i. PHILOTRIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818.
[ELODEA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 20. 1803. Not Elodes Adans. 1763.]
Stems submerged, elongated, branching, leafy. Leaves opposite or whorled, crowded,
i-nerved, pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, arising
from an ovoid or tubular 2-cleft spathe. Perianth 6-parted, at least the 3 inner segments
petaloid. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens, the anthers oblong, erect. Ovary i-celled with 3
parietal placentae. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded.
[Name from the Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in three's.]
About 10 American species. Type species Elodea canadensis Michx.

GENUS I.

TAPE-GRASS FAMILY.

10 =

Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse; staminate flowers unknown. i. P. canadensis.

Leaves linear or oblong, acute ; hermaphrodite flowers unknown.

Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, i"-i l / 2 " wide; spathe of the staminate flowers

long.
" long.

Water-weed.

II. i : 85.

anthers i"-iJ4" long.

Leaves linear, rarely i" wide; staminate spathe
Leaves s"-io" long; sepals and petals $4"-i
Leaves 2j^"-4" long; sepals and petals Yz"-

i. Philotria canadensis (Michx.) Britton.
Fig. 248.

Elodea canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 20. 1803.
Elodea latifolia Casp. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. i: 467. 1858.
?Anacharis canadensis Babingt, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

1848.
Philotria canadensis Britton, Science II. 2: 5. 1895.

Stem slender, i-3i long, usually with short intemodes. Leaves
verticillate in 3*3 or 4's, or the lower ones in 2's, sessile, oblong
or ovate-oblong, usually obtuse, 2j"-s" long, i"-2" wide, minutely
serrulate ; staminate flowers unknown ; flowers in the typical
American form usually hermaphrodite, in the European (Anacha-
ris Alsinastrum), pistillate; sheath tubular, 5" -7%" long; tube of
the hypanthium 2' -4' long; sepals and petals elliptic, obtuse, about
3" long; stamens usually 3, rarely 4-6, or reduced to mere fila-
ments; anthers oblong, nearly sessile; stigmas 3, spreading, pur-
plish, emarginate about equaling the petals and sepals.

In ponds and slow streams, Quebec to Virginia and Minnesota.
Naturalized in Europe. Called also Choke Pondweed.

long; anthers about

3. P.

Yt"-j>" long,
Nuttallii.
Ions'.

angnstifolia.
minor.

i

2. Philotria angustifolia (Muhl.) Britton.
Narrow-leaved Water-weed. Fig. 249.

Serpicula verticillata angustifolia Muhl. Cat. PI. Am.

Sept. 84. 1813.

^Serpicula occidentalis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 33. 1814.
?Apalanthe Schweinitsii Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III.

ii : 76. 1849.
Philotria angustifolia Britton ; Rydb. Bull. Agr. Exp.

Sta. Colo. 100 : 15. 1906.

Dioecious water plant; stem slender, flaccid, i-34
long. Leaves in 3's or 2's, sessile, linear, 5"-io" long,
about i" wide, rarely f" wide, acute; spathe of the
staminate flowers i"-ij" long, sessile, ovoid; sepals
and petals elliptic or oval, the former about i" long,
the latter smaller ; anthers about \" long ; spathe of
the pistillate flowers tubular, i"-i" long; hypanthium
ij'~4' long; sepals and petals elliptic, the former |"-i"
long; stigmas 2-cleft.

In streams New York and Pennsylvania to Florida.

3. Philotria Nuttallii (Planch.) Rydb. Nuttall's
Water-weed. Fig. 250.

Serpicula verticillata Muhl. Cat. PL Am. Sept. 84. 1813.

Not S. verticillata L. 1781.
Anacharis Nuttallii Planch. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. II. i :

85. 1848.
Philotria Nuttallii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 461. 1908.

Dioecious water-plant; stem slender, i-3$ long;
with the intemodes often longer than the leaves. Leaves
usually in 3's or the lower ones in 2's, sessile, oblong or
lance-oblong, acute, 2i"-s" long, i"-ii" wide, finely
serrulate ; spathe of the staminate flowers ovoid, sessile,
2*"-3" long; flower without a tube; sepals and petals
oblong, the former scarcely exceeding the oblong an-
thers, which are i"-ii" long; sheath of the pistillate
flowers about 5" long, 2-cleft ; tube of the hypanthium
2'-6' long; sepals and petals elliptic, I" long; filaments
rudimentary; stigmas slightly exceeding the petals,
2-cleft at the apex.

In slow streams and ponds, New York to Virginia. This
figure was used for P. canadensis in our first edition, formerly confused with this species.

io6

VALLISNERIACEAE.

VOL. I.

4. Philotria minor (Engelm.) Small.
Lesser Water-weed. Fig. 251.

Udora verticillata (?) minor Engelm.; Casp.
Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. i : 465, as synonym under
Anacharis Nultallii. 1858.

Philotria minor Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 47. 1903.

Dioecious water-plant; stems filiform, i-il
long. Leaves in 3*5 or 2's, linear, 2^-4" long,
.i" broad or less, acutish; staminate spathe
about 2.\" long, ovoid, sessile; sepals and
petals oval, i"-f" long; anthers about \"
long; pistillate spathe about 5" long; hypan-
thium-tube -2' long (rarely longer) ; petals
and sepals elliptic, \"-\" long ; stigmas slen-
der, longer than the- sepals, deeply 2-cleft.

In ponds, lakes and slow streams. Wisconsin
to Ohio, Kentucky, Kansas and Arkansas.

2. VALLISNERIA L.

Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.

Aquatic dioecious submerged perennials, with long grass-like floating leaves. Staminate
flowers with a 2-3-parted spathe on a short scape, numerous, nearly sessite on a conic recep-
tacle; perianth 3-parted; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pistillate flowers on a very long flexuous
or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-cleft, i-flowered spathe; perianth-tube adnate to the ovary,
3-lobed and with 3 small petals; ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae; stigmas 3, nearly
sessile, short, broad, 2-toothed with a minute process just below each sinus; ovules numerous,
borne all over the ovary-wall, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindric, crowned with the
perianth. [Named for Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730, Italian naturalist.]

A genus consisting of 2 species, the one of
wide distribution both in the Old World and the
New, the other confined to the Gulf States.
Type species : Vallisneria spiralis L.

i. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape-grass.
Eel-grass. Fig. 252.

Vallisneria spiralis L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.

Plant rooting in the mud or sand, stolon-
iferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear, 5-
nerved, obtuse, sometimes serrate near the
apex, i-6 long, 2"-o" wide, the 2 marginal
nerves faint ; the staminate bud separates from
the scape at the time of flowering and ex-
pands upon the surface of the water; pistil-
late flower upon a long thread-like scape,
the spathe \'-\' long, enclosing a single
white flower; ovary as long as the spathe,
after receiving the pollen from the staminate
flowers the scape of the pistillate contracts
spirally ; ripe fruit 2'~7' long.

In quiet waters, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia to North Carolina, west to South Dakota
and Indiana. The " Wild or Water Celery " of
Chesapeake Bay, and a favorite food of the can-
vas-back duck. Aug.-Sept.

Family 9. HYDROCHARITACEAE Aschers.

FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.

Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs, with broad or narrow leaves borne on a very
short stem. Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes of
distinct or united bracts. Perianth superior, 6-parted, the segments usually all
petaloid, the flower-tube adnate to the ovary in the pistillate flowers. Stamens
6-12, distinct or monodelphous. Ovary visually 6-9-celled. Styles 6-9. Ovules
numerous. Fruit somewhat fleshy, usually indehiscent. Seeds numerous.

About 8 genera and 20 species, in temperate and tropical regions. Thalassia in Florida.

GENUS I.

FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.

10:

i. LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris, 32: 66. pi. 8. 1811.

Aquatic, stoloniferous herbs, the leaves fascicled at the nodes, petioled, broad, cordate.
Flowers monoecious, white, arising from sessile or stipitate, 2-leaved, membranous spathes.
Perianth 6-parted ; segments petaloid, the 3 outer oblong to oval, the 3 inner oblong to linear.
Staminate flowers 2-4 in a spathe, long-penduncled, the stamens united in a column bearing
6-12 anthers at different heights, sometimes producing only 9-12 staminodia, the filaments
tipped with abortive anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-peduncled with 3-6 vesti--
gial stamens ; ovary 6-9-celled with as many central placentae ; stigmas as many as the
cells, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [Greek referring to the aquatic habitat.]

Species, 3 or 4, natives of America. Type species : L.
Bosci L. C. Richard, the same as the following.

i. Limnobium Spongia (Bosc.) L. C. Richard.
Frog's-bit. Fig. 253.

Hydrocharis cordifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 241. 1818.

H. Spongia Bosc, Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 396, pi. 30. 1807.

Limnobium Spongia L. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris, 32 :

66. pi. 8. 1811.
Limnocharis Spongia L. C. Richard ; Steud. Nomencl. Ed.

2, Part 2, 45. 1841.

Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cor-
date or reniform, faintly 5~7-nerved and cross-veined,
purplish and spongy beneath, io"-2' broad, on peti-
oles i'-io' in length. Stolons rooting and sending
up flowers and leaves at the nodes; peduncles of the
staminate flowers 3' -4' long, those of the pistillate
flowers stouter, i'-2' long, nodding in fruit.

In shallow, stagnant water, Lake Ontario, to Florida,
west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. July-Aug.

Family 10. GRAMINEAE Juss. Gen. 28. 1789.*

GRASS FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. Culms
(stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed. Leaves
sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite the blade; a
scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely wanting, called the ligule,
is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or panicu-
late, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts,
called scales (glumes), the two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one
or both of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except
sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed
by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale and with
its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-keeled ; sometimes
the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. Flowers perfect, pistillate,
or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline
scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile.
Ovary i-celled, i-ovuled. Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or
plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy.

About 4500 species, widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on ail
kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more numerous
in tropical countries, while the number of individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often
forming extended areas of turf. The time of year noted is that of ripening seed.

A. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales or a subtending involucre, or attached to and
deciduous with the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, i-flowered, or if 2-flowered
the lower imperfect, usually staminate ; rachilla not extending beyond the uppermost scale.
Spikelets round or dorsally compressed ; hilum punctiform.

Fruiting scale and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure than the thick-mem-
branous to coriaceous empty scales.

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the upper, part of

the same spike. I. MAYDEAE.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, perfect, the other pedicellate, perfect, staminate or empty,

sometimes reduced to a single scale or wanting. II. ANDROPOGONEAE.

Fruitine scale and palet never hyaline and thin, as firm as the empty scales, or firmer.

Fruiting scale and palet membranous ; spikelets naked, spiny (in ours). III. ZOYSIEAE.

* Text contributed by MR. GEORcr V. NASH.

io8 GRAMINEAE. VOL. I.

Fruiting scale and palet chartaceous or coriaceous, differing in color and appearance from

the remaining scales ; spikelets sometimes enclosed in an involucre. IV. PANICEAE.

Spikelets laterally compressed ; hilum linear. V. ORYZEAE.

B. Spikelets articulated above the empty scales (below them in nos. 38, 41, 49, 57 and 64) which

are persistent, i-many-flowered ; rachilla sometimes extending beyond the uppermost scale.
Culms herbaceous, hence annual ; leaf-blades sessile, not articulated with the sheath.
Spikelets in panicles or racemes, usually upon distinct and often long pedicels.
Spikelets i -flowered.

Empty scales 4; palets i -nerved. VI. PHALARIDEAE.

Empty scales 2 (rarely i); palet usually 2-nerved. VII. AGROSTIDEAE.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered.

Flowering scales usually shorter than empty ones, awn dorsal, bent. VIII. AVENEAE.
Flowering scales usually longer than the empty ones, awnless, or if awned the awn
terminal and straight, rarely dorsal. X. FESTUCEAE.

Spikelets borne in 2 rows :

On one side of a continuous axis, forming i-sided spikes or racemes. IX. CHLORIDEAE.

On opposite sides of a continuous or sometimes articulated axis, forming equilateral

spikes (unilateral in Nardus). XI. HORDEAE.

Culms woody, perennial ; leaf-blades petiolate, articulated to the sheath. XII. BAMBUSEAE.

Tribe I. MAYDEAE.

Pistillate spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis. i. Tripsaciim.

Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE.

Internodes of the rachis of the racemes thickened, appressed to the pedicels of the primary spike-
lets, thus forming excavations for the reception of the secondary or sessile spikelets ; fertile
flowering scales awnless. 2. Coelorachis.

Internodes not thickened, and without excavations for the reception of the spikelets.
Spikelets all perfect, awned.

Rachis of the racemes continuous ; panicle axis short, racemes subflabellate. 3. Miscanthus.
Rachis articulated ; panicle axis elongated. 4. Erianthus.

Sessile spikelets perfect, the pedicellate staminate or empty, awnless, sometimes wanting.

Inflorescence simple or compound, made up of i or more spike-like racemes which are

sessile or on very short peduncles.

Raceme single ; pedicels and internodes of the rachis clavate, spongy, usually stout, with

a deep cup-shaped depression at the top. 5. Schizachyrium.

Racemes not single ; pedicels and rachis-internodes filiform, or flat and linear, not

spongy, nor appendaged at the apex.
Racemes in pairs, or digitate in s's or less, sessile, or only i pedunculate ; pedicels

and internodes not sulcate nor with a median hyaline line. 6. Andropogon.

Racemes numerous, on an elongated axis, more or less pedunculate ; pedicels and

internodes of the rachis with a median hyaline line. 7. Amphilophis.

Inflorescence decompound.

Pedicellate spikelet wanting. 8. Sorghastrum.

Pedicellate spikelet present. 9. Holcus.

Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE.

Spikelets in a terminal spike ; second scale spiny. 10. Nasia.

Tribe IV. PANICEAE.

Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves.
Spikelets all alike.

Palets not enlarged when mature.

Fruiting scale chartaceous the margins hyaline and flat.

Spikelets in slender racemes borne toward the summit of the stem. n. Syntherisma.
Spikelets in an open panicle on long pedicels. 12. Leptoloma.

Fruiting scale indurated, rigid, the margins inrolled and not hyaline.
Opening in the fruiting scale turned toward the rachis.

Spikelets with a swollen ring-like callus at the base ; fruiting scale mucronate or

awn-pointed. 13. Eriochloa.

Spikelets without a callus ; fruiting scale not mucronate. 14. Anastrophus.

Opening in the fruiting scale turned away from the rachis.

Spikelets plano-convex, in secund racemes, usually of 3 scales. 15. Paspalum.
Spikelets unequally bi-convex, in panicles, or rarely in secund racemes ; scales 4.
Scales or some of them awned; fruiting scale cuspidate. 16. Echinochloa.
Scales awnless.

Second scale like the third, few-nerved not broad and saccate. 17. Panicum.
Second scale unlike the third, n-i3-nerved, broad, saccate. 18. Sacciolepis.
Palet in the axil of the third scale much enlarged and somewhat indurated when mature,

forcing the spikelet open. 19. Steinchisma.

Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in terminal panicles and not producing seed, the other subterranean

and perfecting seed. 20. Amphicarpon.

Spikelets with an involucre :

Of bristles, persistent; inflorescence a dense cylindric spike-like panicle. 21. Chaetochloa.
Of 2 spine-bearing valves enclosing the spikelets, deciduous with them. 22. Cenchrus.

Tribe V. ORYZEAE.

Spikelets unisexual : plants monoecious ; tall aquatic grasses.

Pistillate spikelets ovate, at the base of each branch of the panicle. 23. Zizaniopsis.

Pistillate spikelets linear, on the upper branches of panicle. 24. Zisania.

Spikelets all perfect, broad, compressed ; in swamps or wet grounds. 25. Homalocenchrus.

GRASS FAMILY. log

Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE.

Third and fourth scales

Small and empty, or rudimentary, not awned ; stamens 3. 26. Phalaris.

Empty, awned upon the back ; stamens 2. 27. Anthoxanthum.

Subtending staminate flowers, stamens 3 ; fertile flowers, stamens 2. 28. Savastana.

Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE.

Flowering scale indurated at maturity, firmer than the empty scales.

Spikelets with no basal callus ; flowering scale awnless, margins inrolled. 29. Milium.
Spikelets with a basal callus ; flowering scale awned, the margins flat.
Awn simple.

Flowering scale broad, the awn deciduous ; callus short, obtuse.

Flowering scale glabrous, or pubescent with short hairs. 31. Oryzopsis.

Flowering scale pubescent with copious long silky hairs. 30. Eriocoma.

Flowering scale narrow, awn persistent ; callus commonly acute. 32. Stipa.
Awn 3-parted. 33. Aristida.

Flowering scale membranous, not firmer than the empty scales.

Flowering scale with a terminal awn or awn-pointed, tightly enclosing the grain.

Rachilla not prolonged beyond the base of the flowering scale ; empty scales usually evident.

34. Mnhlenbergia.
Rachilla extending beyond the base of the flowering scale as a bristle-like appendage ; empty

scales minute, the first sometimes wanting. 35. Brachyelytrum.

Flowering scale awnless, or with a dorsal awn, loosely enclosing the grain.
Spikelets readily deciduous entire at maturity.

Empty scales awnless. 38. Alopecuntx.

Empty scales awned. 41. Polypogon.

Spikelets not deciduous entire, the empty scales persistent, flowering scales usually deciduous.
Empty scales awned. 37. Phleum.

Empty scales awnless.

Flowering scales i -nerved.

Panicle dense and spike-like, the Spikelets markedly compressed laterally, ciliate

on the keel. 36. Heleochloa.

Panicle open or narrow, the spikelets not markedly laterally compressed, the

keel glabrous.
Grain loosely enclosed in the pericarp, from which it readily separates and

falls at maturity ; flowering scales with no hairs at the base.
Empty scales minute ; low arctic grass. 39. Phippsia.

Empty scales evident. 40. Sporoboltis.

Grain adherent to the pericarp and not separating from it at maturity ; flower-
ing scale with a ring of long hairs at the base. 47. Calamovilfa.
Flowering scales 3-s-nerved.

Stamen i; flowering scale stipitate ; palet usually i-nerved-43. Cinna.
Stamens 3 ; flowering scale sessile ; palet 2-nerved.
Rachilla not prolonged beyond the flowering scale.

Empty scales shorter than flowering scale ; spikelets large 42. Arctagrostis.
Empty scales longer than the flowering scale ; spikelets small. 44. Agrostis.
Rachilla prolonged beyond the flowering scale.

Prolongation of the rachilla glabrous ; flowering scale glabrous at the base,

and with a long awn just below the bifid apex. 48. Apera.
Prolongation of the rachilla with long hairs ; flowering scale awned at or

below the middle.
Flowering scale membranous ; spikelets 4" long or less.

45. Calamagrostis.
Flowering scale chartaceous ; spikelets s"-6" long. 46. Ammophila.

Tribe VIII. AVENEAE.

Spikelets deciduous ; lower flower perfect, upper staminate, awned. 49. Nothoholcus.

Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous.

Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers ; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 50. Aspris.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered ; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper scale.
Awn of flowering scale dorsal, inserted below the teeth.

Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting.
Spikelets less than 6" long ; grain free, unfurrowed.

Flowering scales convex; awn arising from or below the middle. 51. Deschampsia.

Flowering scales keeled ; awn arising from above the middle. 52. Trisctitm.

Spikelets over 6" long ; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the scales. 53. Avena.

Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. 54. Arrhenathenun.

Awn from between the lobes or teeth of flowering scale, generally twisted. 55. Danthonia.

Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE.

Spikelets with perfect flowers, or sometimes some of them rudimentary or unisexual.
Spikelets deciduous entire.

Spikelets narrow, lanceolate: rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet. 57. Spartina.
Spikelets broad, orbicular; rachis of the spike not produced. 64. Beckmannia.

Spikelets not deciduous entire ; empty scales persistent ; flowering scales deciduous.
One perfect flower in each spikelet (rarely 2 in no. 56).
No empty scales above the flower.

Spikes 2-6, digitate. 56. Capriola.

Spikes many, scattered. 61. Schedonnardus.

One to several empty scales above the flower.

Lower empty scales 4 ; spike solitary, dense. 58. Campulostis.

no GRAMINEAE. VOL. I.

Lower empty scales 2.

Spikes in false whorls or closely approximate ; scales long-awned. 59. Clitoris.
Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate.

Spikelets scattered or remote in long filiform spikes. 60. Gymnopogon.

Spikelets crowded in short stout spikes.

Spikes 4 or less ; spikelets numerous, 25 or more. 62. Bouteloua.
Spikes numerous, 12 or more; spikelets few, 12 or less. 63. Atheropogon.
2-several perfect Mowers in each spikelet.

Spikelets densely crowded ; spikes digitate.

Spikes with terminal spikelets. 65. Eleusine.

Spikes with rachis extending beyond them in a naked point. 66. Dactyloctenium.

Spikelets distinctly alternating ; spikes remote.

Branches of the inflorescence slender ; spikelets less than 2" long, numerous, the

palets not gibbous. 67. Leptochloa.

Branches of the inflorescence stout, rigid ; spikelets 4" long or more, few, the palets

gibbous at the base. 68. Acamptoclados.

Spikelets with unisexual flowers, very unlike ; plants dioecious. 69. Bulbilis.

Tribe X. FESTUCEAE.

RacHilla with hairs longer than flowering scales enveloping them. 71. Phragmites.

Rachilla and flowering scales glabrous, or if hairy the hairs shorter than the scales.

Stigmas barbellate ; spikelets in clusters of 3-6 in axils of spinescent leaves. 70. Mnnroa.
Stigmas plumose ; spikelets not in the axils of leaves ; inflorescence various.

Spikelets of 2 forms, the fertile i-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile consisting of many

empty pectinate scales. 91. Cynosurus.

Spikelets all alike.

Flowering scales i-3-nerved, rarely with faint additional intermediate nerves.
Flowering scales not coriaceous in fruit ; seed beakless and not exserted.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales pilose.

Internodes of rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering scale attached by a

long pointed callus, which is pilose on the outer surface. 75. Triplasis.
Internodes of rachilla and callus of flowering scales short, the latter blunt.

Spikelets on pedicels of varying length, arranged in a contracted or open,

simple or compound panicle.
Inflorescence a contracted or open panicle ; leaf-blades not cartilaginous

on margins. 73. Tridens.

Inflorescence a short congested raceme ; leaf-blades with thick con-
spicuous cartilaginous margins. 74. Erionenron.
Spikelets on short pedicels of approximately the same length, appressed to

the long branches of the simple panicle. 77. Diplachne.

Lateral nerves of the flowering scales glabrous.

Callus of flowering scale conspicuously pubescent with long hairs.

Panicle contracted ; flowering scales broadly oval, rounded at the apex.

79. Rhombolytrum.

Panicle open, diffuse ; flowering scales lanceolate, acute. 76. Redfieldia.
Callus of the flowering scale glabrous.

Second empty scale very dissimilar from the first, broad and rounded at

the summit. 81. Sphenopholis.

Second empty scale similar to the first.
Panicle narrow, branches appressed.

Panicle dull, interrupted ; rachilla articulated. 78. Molinia.
Panicle shining, dense, spike-like ; rachilla continuous. 82. Koeleria.
Panicle open, the branches more or less spreading.

Rachilla continuous ; flowering scales deciduous in fruit. 80. Eragrostis.
Rachilla articulated ; flowering scales and palets both deciduous with

the rachilla internodes. 83. Catabrosa.

Flowering scales coriaceous in fruit ; seed beaked and exserted. 85. Korycarpus.
Flowering scales s-many-nerved.

Flowering scales 3-toothed at the apex. 72. Sieglingia.

Flowering scales not 3-toothed at the apex.

Spikelets with 2 or more of the upper scales empty, broad and enfolding each

other, forming a club-shaped mass. 84. Melica.

Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or if empty similar in shape to the

other scales.

Keels of the palet winged or with a linear appendage. 86. Pleuropogon.
Keels of the palet not winged or appendaged.

Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary ; flowering scales usually

awnless, or awned in nos. 90 and 98.
Scales more or less strongly compressed and keeled.

Empty basal scales 3-6 ; spikelets flat, 2-edged. 87. Uniola.
Empty basal scales 2 ; spikelets somewhat flattened.

Spikelets unisexual ; plant dioecious. 88. Distichlis.

Spikelets perfect.

Spikelets arranged in i -sided dense capitate clusters at the end

of the branches ; flowering scales awned. 90. Dactylis.
Spikelets not arranged as above : flowering scales awnless.
Rachilla of the spikelets glabrous, or with webby hairs ;

flowering scales scarious-margined.
Spikelets cordate at the base, large. 89. Brisa.
Spikelets not cordate, usually small.

Empty scales projecting beyond the uppermost
flowering ones ; arctic grass. 93. Dupontia.

GENUS I.

GRASS FAMILY.

Empty scales shorter than the uppermost flowering

ones. 92. Poa.

Rachilla of the spikelets hirsute, extending into a hairy
appendage ; flowering scales membranous.

95. Graphephorum.
Scales rounded on the back, at least below.

Flowering scales with basal ring of hairs, apex toothed.

94. Scolochloa.
Flowering scales naked at the base.

Flowering scales obtuse or subacute and scarious at the apex,

usually toothed.

Manifestly s-7-nerved ; styles present. 96. Panicularia.
Obscurely s-nerved ; no styles. 97. Puccinellia.

Flowering scales acute, pointed, or apex awned. 98. Festuca.
Stigmas arising below apex of the ovary ; scales rarely awnless.

99. Bromus.

Tribe XI. HORDEAE.

Stigma i ; spike unilateral ; spikelets i -flowered, narrow. 100. Nardus.

Stigmas 2; spikes symmetrical.

Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis.

Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. 101. Lolium.

Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis.

Spikelets i- or 2-flowered, in slender articulate spikes. 102. Lepttinis.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered, in stout inarticulate spikes. 103. Agropyron.

Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis ; scales mostly long-awned.

Spikelets i-flowered, or with the rudiment of a second flower. 104. Hordeum.

Spikelets 2-many-;flowered.

Rachis of the spike articulated, readily breaking up. 105. Sltanion.

Rachis of the spike continuous, not breaking up.

Empty scales a little smaller than the flowering ones. 106. Elymus.

Empty scales very small or none. 107. Hystrix.

Tribe XII. BAMBUSEAE.

Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes. 108. Arundinaria.

i. TRIPSACUM L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10. 1261. 1759.

Tall perennial monoecious grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad flat leaves and
spicate or racemose inflorescence. Spikelets i- or 2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary
or clustered, elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2's at each node of the axis, 2-flowered.
consisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous or membranous, the two inner thinner, the
palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pistillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints of the spike,
i-flowered ; stigmas exserted ; style slender. Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the
spikes, covered in front by the horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion
to the polished outer scales.]

About 7 species, in tropical and temperate America. Type species : Tripsacum dactyloides L.

i. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama- Sesame-
or Bull-grass. Fig. 254.

Coix dactyloides L. Sp. PI. 972. 1753.
Tripsacum dactyloides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1378. 1763-
Tripsacum dactyloides var. monostachyum Wood, Class-
book Ed. 2, 623. 1847.

Culms stout, erect, 4-8 tall. Leaves smooth and
glabrous; blades i or more long, \'-\\' wide, long-
acuminate, truncate or subcordate at the base; spikes
terminal and in the upper axils, solitary or 2 or 3
together, 4'-o/ long, the lower spikelets pistillate, the
upper staminate and very numerous; outer scales of
the staminate spikelets linear and obtuse, 3$"-5i"
long, faintly many-nerved; exterior scale of the
pistillate spikelets horny, shining, closely appressed
in fruit.

In swamps or along streams, Rhode Island to Ne-
braska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, the southern
Bahamas, Haiti and South America. June-Sept.

2. COELORACHIS Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coq. Bot. Phan. 64. 1829.

Mostly tall perennials, with narrow flat leaves and cylindric jointed spikes, terminal and
from the upper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the excavated rachis, one sessile

I 12

GRAMINEAE.

VOL. I.

and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate or empty. Scales of the perfect
spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, covering, together with the pedicel of the
sterile spikelet, the excavation in the rachis ; second scale chartaceous ; third and fourth hyaline,
the latter subtending the palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain
free. [Name Greek, meaning hollowed rachis.]

About 20 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate countries.

Leaf-sheaths broad, compressed, keeled; plants without rootstocks. i. C. rugosa.

Leaf-sheaths narrow, round, not keeled ; plants with creeping rootstocks. 2. C. cylindrica,

I. Coelorachis rugosa (Nutt.) Nash.
Wrinkled Joint-grass. Fig. 255.

Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. Gen. i : 84. 1818.
' R. corrugata Baldw. Am. Journ. Sci. 1 : 355. 1819.
Manisnris rugosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 780. 1891.
Manisnris rngosa Chapmani Scribn. Mem. Torr.

Club 5: 28. 1894.
C. rugosa Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 86. 1909.

Smooth and glabrous. Culms 2-5 tall, com-
pressed, much-branched above, branches spread-
ing; sheaths compressed; blades flat, acuminate,
6'-i2 long, i "-5" wide; racemes partially included
in the sheath or more or less exserted, \\'-2\'
long ; outermost scale of the sessile spikelet oblong-
ovate to ovate, i|"-2i" long, strongly transversely
rugose, the wrinkles continuous or interrupted.

In wet soil along the coast, southern New Jersey
to Maryland, Florida and Texas. June-Sept.

2. Coelorachis cylindrica (Michx.) Nash.
Pitted Joint-grass. Fig. 256.

Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 60.

1803.
Rottboellia cylindrica Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 159.

1857.

Manisnris cylindrica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 779. 1891.
Coelorachis cylindrica Nash, N.A.F1. 17: 85. 1909.

Culms from creeping rootstocks, round, i-3i
tall, slender; blades i long or less, i"-ii" wide;
racemes 4'-8' long, the rachis barely if at all
contracted at the nodes ; sessile spikelets 2.\"-2\"
long, about equalling the internodes, the first
scale more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or
rarely unpitted, the pits often containing a subu-
late hair; pedicellate spikelets reduced to i or 2
short scales, the pedicel linear, shorter than the
sessile spikelet and curved around its margin.

In sandy soil at low elevations, Georgia and
Florida to Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. Summer.

3. MISCANTHUS Anderss. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1855: 165. 1856.

Tall erect perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades, and terminal ample commonly
hairy panicles. Spikelets i-flowered, unequally pedicellate, arranged in pairs along the con-
tinuous branches of the panicle, articulated with the pedicel. Scales 4; outer 2 larger, empty,
membranous, muticous ; third scale also empty but thinner ; fourth scale thinly hyaline, sub-
tending a perfect flower, 2-toothed at the apex, the awn arising from between the teeth,
usually slender, often with a twisted column at the base and geniculate, sometimes straight,
rarely very short or wanting; palet thin, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas
plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the stalked spikelets.]

A genus of about 10 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Eulalia japonica Trin.

GENUS 3.

GRASS FAMILY.

i. Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Japanese
Plume-grass. Fig. 257.

Saccharum polydactylon (3 Thunb. Fl. Jap. 43. 1784.
Saccharum japonicum Thunb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2 :

328, in part. 1794.
Erianthus japonicus Beauv. ; R. & S. Syst. 2 : 324.

1817.

Ripidium japonicum Trin. Fund. Agrost. 169. 1820.
Eulalia japonica Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI.

2: 333- 1832.
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad.

Forh. 1855: 166. 1856.

Stems 3-6 tall ; leaf-blades up to 3 long and
8" wide; panicle 8'-i6' long, its branches erect or
ascending; spikelets 2\"-2.\" long, yellowish
brown, shining, glabrous, encircled at the base
with white or purplish hairs equaling or exceed-
ing them, the awn 4" -5" long, spirally twisted at
the base.

Escaped from cultivation at Washington, D. C.,
and on Long Island ; also in Florida. A native of
China, Japan and the Celebes.

4. ERIANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 54. 1803.

Tall generally robust perennial grasses, with long flat leaves, and perfect flowers in
terminal panicles. Spikelets generally with a ring of hairs at the base, 2 at each node of the
jointed rachis, one sessile, the other with a pedicel, generally i-flowered. Scales 4, the two
outer indurated, the inner hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal straight or contorted awn ;
palet small, hyaline; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring
to the woolly spikelets.]

About 21 species, natives of the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Besides
the following, three or four others occur in the Southern States. Type species : Anthoxanthum
giganteum Walt.

Awns flat, closely spiral at the base, geniculate ; apex of the fourth scale deeply 2-cleft.

Basal hairs twice as long as the yellowish spikelets which are nearly concealed in the copious

hairs of the cream-colored panicle. i. E. divaricatus.

Basal hairs sometimes equaling but not exceeding the brown spikelets which are plainly

visible through the brown panicle. 2. E. contortus.

Awn terete, or flat only at the very base, not spiral at the base, straight ; fourth scale usually

entire, rarely shortly 2-toothed.

Spikelets 2" 3" long, exceeded by the basal hairs. 3. E. saccharoides.

Spikelets ^"-4^/2" long, much exceeding the basal hairs. 4. E. brevibarbis.

i. Erianthus divaricatus (L.) Hitchc. Woolly
Beard-grass. Fig. 258.

Andropogon divaricatus L. Sp. PI. 1045. I 7S3-
Andropogon alopecuroides L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753.
Erianthus alopecuroides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 38.

1816.
Erianthus divaricatus Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

12: 125. 1908.

Culms stout, erect, 6-io tall; nodes naked or
barbed, the summit and the axis of the panicle
densely pubescent with appressed long rigid silky
hairs. Sheaths glabrous or hirsute; blades usually
glabrous, 6'-2 long, i'-i' wide, acuminate, narrowed
and sometimes hairy on the upper surface near the
base ; panicle oblong, 7'-i2' long, 2'-$' wide, branches
3'~5' long, slender, loose ; outer scales of the spike-
let about 3" long, exceeding the pedicel and about
two-thirds as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate,
acuminate; inner scales shorter, the awn 6"-8"
long, scabrous.

In damp soil, New Jersey to Oklahoma, south to
Florida and Texas. Sept. Plume-grass (Tenn.).

8

GRAMINEAE.

VOL. I.

2. Erianthus contortus Ell. Spiral-awned
Beard-grass. Fig. 259.

Erianthus contortus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 40. 1816.

Erianthus saccharoides contortus Hack, in DC. Monog.
Phan. 6: 131. 1889.

Culms 3-8 tall ; leaf-sheaths smooth or rough,
sometimes hirsute at the apex; blades 6'~32' long,
2i"-io" wide, smooth or rough; panicle 6'-i6' long,
I '-2\' wide; spikelets crowded, equalling or exceed-
ing the basal hairs, the outer 2 scales $"-$." long,
pilose with long hairs, the fourth scale 2-cleft at
the apex, the teeth long and subulate, the awn 7" -12"
long, the included portion spiral at the base, the
remainder loosely spiral.

In moist soil, Delaware ( ?) and Maryland to Florida
and Texas. Sept.-Oct.

3. Erianthus saccharoides Michx.
Plume-grass. Fig. 260.

Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I :

55- 1803.
Erianthus compactus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22 :

419. 1895.

Culms robust, erect, 3-io tall, barbed at
the nodes, the summit and the axis of the pan-
icle densely pubescent with appressed long
rigid silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy below, densely pubescent at the
throat with long more or less spreading
silky hairs; blades glabrous or appressed-
pubescent, 6'-2 long, i'-i' wide, long-acumi-
nate, somewhat narrowed towards the base ;
panicle lax, broadly oblong, 5'-i5' long, 2'-^
wide, its branches 2'-^' long, slender; outer
scales of the spikelet about 2"-3" long, a little
exceeding the pedicel and about one-half as
long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, acuminate ;
inner scales shorter, the awn :o"-i2" long,
straight, scabrous.

In moist sandy soil, southern New Jersey to
Maryland, south to Florida and Texas. Also
in Cuba. Aug.-Sept. Gama, or sesame grass.

4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Short-
bearded Plume-grass. Fig. 261.

Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 55. 1803.

Erianthus saccharoides sub-sp. brevibarbis Hack, in D.
C. Monog. Phan. 6: 131. 1889.

Culms stout, erect, 3-5 tall, the nodes naked or
scantily barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle
smooth or scabrous. Sheaths hirsute at the summit ;
blades rough, 6'-i8' long, 3"-s" wide, acuminate;
panicle linear-oblong, 8'-i2' in length, i'-ii' wide,
the branches erect, 2'-$' long; outer scales of the
spikelet 4"-^" long, twice the length of the pedicel
and equalling or twice as long as the basal hairs,
lanceolate, long-acuminate; inner scales shorter, the
awn g"-i2 ff long, straight, scabrous. '

In moist soil, Delaware to Florida, thence west to
Louisiana. Autumn.

GENUS 5.

GRASS FAMILY.

5. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees, Agrost. Bras. 331. 1829.

Annual or perennial grasses, tufted or from rootstocks, with flat or involute leaf-blades,
and spikelike racemes, singly disposed, terminating the culm or its branches. Internodes of
the articulated rachis cup-shaped or crowned at the apex with a toothed or bifid appendage.
Spikelets in pairs at each node of the frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicel-
late. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed, of 4 scales; first scale 2-keeled, with the margins
infolded; second scale i-keeled; fourth scale usually 2-cleft at the apex, often almost to the
base, bearing a perfect usually geniculate awn, the spiral column usually straight. Pedicellate
spikelet flowerless, of I or 2 scales, rarely of 4 scales and bearing a staminate flower, or
wanting. Stamens usually 3, very rarely i or 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Name
Greek, referring to the deeply cleft flowering scale.]

About 35 species, mainly in tropical and warm temperate regions. Besides the following,
others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species : Andro-
pogon brevifolius Sw.
Hairs at the apex of the rachis internodes short, J^"-ij4" long; plant usually green or purplish,

rarely glaucous. i. S. scoparium.

Hairs at the apex of the rachis internodes 2"-2j^" long; plant glaucous, the leaf-sheaths much

compressed. 2. 5". littorale.

i. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.)
Nash. Broom Beard-grass. Fig. 262.

Andropogon scoparium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 57.

1803.
Schitachyrium scoparium Nash, in Small, Fl. SE.

U. S. 59. 1903.

Culms simple or much-branched, ii-4i tall;
sheaths smooth or scabrous, sometimes glaucous,
glabrous or pubescent; blades 6'-ii long, i"-4"
wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent ; racemes
i '-2\' long, loose, on long-exserted slender
peduncles; rachis slender, flexuous, the joints
and pedicels ciliate with spreading hairs; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet 2i"-3i" long,
acuminate, scabrous ; awn spiral, more or less
bent at point of exsertion, 4"-8" long, scabrous;
pedicellate spikelet reduced to a single awn-
pointed scale.

In dry sandy fields, Maine to Saskatchewan and
Montana, south to Florida, Texas and New Mexico.
Broom-grass or -sedge ; Bunch-grass ; Red-stem or
Blue-stem-grass ; Big Blue-joint. Aug.-Oct.

2. Schizachyrium littorale (Nash) Bick-
nell. Seacoast Beard-grass. Fig. 263.

Andropogon littoralis Nash, in Britton, Man. 69.

1901.
Schisachyrium littorale Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club

35: 182. 1908.

A densely tufted perennial, the innovations
with glaucous leaves with much-compressed
sheaths. Culms 2i-3J tall, compressed,
branched ; sheaths rough, keeled ; blades up to
8' long, ij"-3i" wide, rough, acute, strongly
keeled; racemes usually i'-ii' long, the rachis
commonly straight, the internodes long-ciliate on
the margins, the hairs at the apex 2"-2i" long,
the pedicels, which are usually recurved, long-
ciliate; sessile spikelets 4"-s" long, linear-lanceo-
late, glabrous, the fourth scale shortly 2-toothed
at the apex, ciliate, the awn s"-7$" long, the
brown column tightly spiral, barely if at all
exserted from the scales; pedicellate spikelet a
single awned scale.

In sand along the coast, Nantucket to New York,
south to Virginia. Summer and fall.

6. ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753-

Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary racemes.
Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other

GRAMINEAE.

VOL. I.

with a pedicel, staminate, empty, or reduced to a single scale, or sometimes wanting. Perfect
spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outermost coriaceous, 2-keeled, the second keeled and
acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and
perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.]

About 150 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following,
some 25 others in southern and western North America Type species: Andropogon hirtum L.

Pedicellate spikelets empty, of i or 2 scales, much smaller than the sessile spikelets, or wanting.
Stamen i ; racemes, or some of them, included in the spathes ; rachis internodes slender.
Sheaths at the upper part of the culm not enlarged ; racemes equally exserted.

Inflorescence oblong; branches divided into corymbiform masses. i. A. glomeratus.

Inflorescence long, linear, little divided, not corymbiform. 2. A. virginicus.

Sheaths at the summit or upper part of the stem much enlarged ; racemes on one of the

branches exserted much beyond the others. 3. A. Elliottii.

Stamens 3 ; racemes usually exserted beyond the spathes ; rachis internodes stouter.

Intercarinal space of the first scale of the sessile spikelet nearly nerveless ; terminal hairs

of the internodes about twice their length. 4. A. ternarius.

Intercarinal space with 2 or 3 nerves running the length of the scale ; terminal hairs of the

internodes about equaling them in length. 5. A. Cabanisii.

Pedicellate spikelets staminate, of 3 or 4 scales, equaling or exceeding the sessile spikelets.
Rachis internodes copiously pubescent with long hairs.

Awn perfect, with a defined column ; culms tufted, or with short rootstocks.

Sessile spikelets hispidulous ; rachis hairs i" long of less. 6. A. furcatus.

Sessile spikelets mostly glabrous; rachis hairs \y 2 "-z" long, yellow. 7. A. chrysocomus.
Awn imperfect, rarely spiral at the base ; rootstocks long, horizontal. 8. A. Hallii.
Rachis internodes glabrous, or with a few weak crimped hairs. 9. A. paucipilus.

i. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P.
Bushy Beard-grass. Fig. 264.

Cinna glomerata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788.

Andropogon macrourum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 56. 1803.

Andropogon glomeratus B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

Andropogon corymbosus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901.

Culms erect, ii-3 tall, smooth, simple below, much
branched above, upper nodes of branches barbed ;
sheaths compressed, scabrous, glabrous or pubescent;
leaves \"-t\ wide, scabrous, long-acuminate, the basal
two-thirds as long as to equalling the culm, those of the
culm 6'-i2' long ; branches elongated, forming a com-
pact terminal inflorescence; racemes in pairs, io"-is"
long, loose, protruding from the side or exserted from
the apex of the scabrous spathes; rachis flexuous, the
joints and pedicels pubescent with long spreading silky
hairs; outermost scale of sessile spikelet about 2"-2i"
long ; awn 6"-g" long, scabrous ; pedicelled spikelet re-
duced to a single scale or wanting.

Damp soil, Nantucket to southern New York, south to
Florida and Mississippi. Sept.-Oct. Indian Beard-grass,
Brook-grass, Bushy Blue-stem.

2. Andropogon virginicus L. Virginia
Beard-grass. Broom-sedge. Fig. 265.

Andropogon virginicus L. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753.

Cinna lateralis Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788.

A. dissitiflorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 57. 1803. '

A. vaginatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 148. 1817.

A. tetrastachyus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 150. 1817.

Culms erect, smooth, ii-4 tall, simple at base,
branching above; sheaths, at least the lower, more
or less hirsute; blades a li long, i"-3" wide,
long-acuminate, scabrous on the margins, usually
hirsute above; branches of culm short, forming
a loose and elongated inflorescence ; racemes in
pairs, occasionally 3 or 4, io"-3o" long, loose,
protruding from the side of the spathes,
the rachis flexuous, slender, the joints and pedicels
pubescent with long spreading silky hairs ; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet i"-2" long; awn
4" -9" long, straight, scabrous ; pedicellate spike-
let generally wanting, occasionally a rudimentary
scale present.

In dry or moist fields, Massachusetts to Illinois,
Florida and Texas ; in the Bermudas, Bahamas and
tropical America. Aug.-Sept.

GENUS 6.

GRASS FAMILY.

3. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. Elliott's

Beard-grass. Fig. 266.

Andropogon Elliottii Champ. Fl. S. States, 581. 1860.
Culms erect, i-3 tall, simple or sparingly
branched above, the branches strongly bearded at
the upper nodes ; sheaths glabrous or loosely
villous, the lower narrow, the upper elongated,
inflated, imbricated ; blades 2'-io' long, i"-2i"
wide; racemes in pairs, rarely in 3's, i'-2' long,
loose, some of them long-exserted ; rachis
slender, flexuous, its joints and the pedicels
pubescent with long spreading silky hairs; outer-
most scale of the sessile spikelet ii"-2" long,
scabrous on the keel ; awn 6"-o." long, scabrous ;
pedicellate spikelet a minute scale or wanting.

In dry or moist places, southern New Jersey to
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept.

4. Andropogon ternarius Michx. Silvery Beard-grass. Fig. 267.

Andropogon ternarius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 57. 1803.
Andropogcn argent eus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. I : 148.

1817. Not DC. 1813.

Andropogon argyraeus Schultes, Mant. 2: 450. 1824.
Andropogon Belvisii Desv. Opusc. 67. 1831.
Andropogon mississippiensis Scribn. & Ball, Bull. U. S.

Dep. Agr. Agrost. 24: 40. 1901.

Culms erect, 2-4 tall, simple at base, generally
much branched above ; sheaths somewhat compressed,
glabrous or pubescent; basal leaves 6'-i; upper
2'-8' long, i"-ii" wide, acuminate, smooth to sca-
brous above, glabrous or pubescent beneath ; racemes
i'-2' long, on more or less exserted slender pedun-
cles; joints of the rachis and pedicels pubescent with
long silky white spreading hairs ; outermost scale of
sessile spikelet 2$"-3i" long, acuminate, scabrous ;
awn loosely spiral, 6"-i2" long, scabrous ; pedicellate
spikelet reduced to a minute lanceolate acuminate
scabrous scale, which is early deciduous.

In dry sandy soil, Delaware to Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. Sept. Silver-beard.

5. Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Cabanis'
Beard-grass. Fig. 268.

Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Flora 68: 133. 1885.

Culms 2-3i tall, the branches in i's or 2's;
sheaths smooth or a little roughened ; blades 10'
long or less, i"-2" wide, smooth beneath, rough
above ; racemes in pairs on a peduncle which is
densely barbed at the apex, ii'-3' long, grayish,
the hairs at the apex of the internodes about
equalling them, rather scant ; sessile spikelets
2$"-3$" long, broadly lanceolate, tapering from
the middle, the first scale strongly hispidulous and
2-5-nerved between the keels, the nerves running
the entire length of the scale, the fourth scale
bearing a very slender awn x'-il' long, slightly
spiral at the base ; pedicellate spikelets of a single
hispidulous scale.

In sandy places, Pennsylvania (according to
Hackel) and Florida.

n8

GRAMINEAE.

VOL. I.

6. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked
Beard-grass. Fig. 269.

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 919. 1806,
Andropogon provincialis subvar. furcatus Hack, in DC.
Mon. Phan. 5: 442. 1889.

Culms erect, stout, smooth and glabrous, 3-6
tall, simple at base, branched above. Leaves gla-
brous or hirsute ; blades smooth or rough, 6'-i8'
long, 2"-7" wide, acuminate; racemes 2-6, in pairs
or approximate at the summit, 2'-$' long; joints
of rachis and pedicels ciliate with short hairs ; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet 3l"-5" long, twice the
length of the rachis-joints, scabrous; awn &"-'7"
long, perfect; pedicelled spikelet consisting of 4
scales.

In dry or moist soil, Maine to Assiniboia, south to
Florida and Texas and northern Mexico. Aug.-Sept.
Broom-grass, Big Blue-stem, Blue-joint.

7. Andropogon chrysocomus Nash. Yel-
low-haired Beard-grass. Fig. 270.

Andropogon chrysocomus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70.
1901.

A tall usually stout grass, with extravaginal
innovations. Culms 2-5 tall, the branches in |
i j s-3's; sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades up
to i long, 3^" wide or less, smooth beneath, a
little roughened above ; racemes in 2's-4's, 2'-$.'
long, stout, long-exserted, the hairs of the inter-
nodes and pedicels ii"-2" long, usually yellow;
sessile spikelets 4"-5" long, lanceolate, barbed at
the base with hairs about \" long, the first scale
hispid on the keels, the intercarinal space canalicu-
late-depressed and hispidulous toward the apex,
the fourth scale bearing a perfect geniculate awn
S"-6" long; pedicellate spikelets equalling the
sessile ones, awnless.

In dry usually sandy places, Nebraska and Colo-
rado to Texas. Summer and fall.

8. Andropogon Hallii Hack. Hall's Beard-grass. Fig. 271.

Andropogon Hallii Hack. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 89: 127.

1884.
Andropogon geminatus Hack. ; Beal, Grasses N. A. 2 : 55.

1896.

Stems from a creeping rootstock, 3-6 tall, simple
at base, branched above, smooth, more or less glaucous ;
leaves glaucous; blades i or less long, 3"-s" wide,
smooth; racemes 2 or 3, i'-4' long, the lateral ones often
included in the spathes; joints of rachis and pedicels
pubescent with spreading silky white or yellow hairs of
about their own length ; outermost scale of sessile spike-
let 4"-6" long, acuminate, glabrous at base, from
sparingly to copiously silky-pubescent toward the apex,
awnless or with a glabrous imperfect awn shorter than
the scale; pedicellate spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the
outermost generally larger than the corresponding scale
of the sessile spikelet and subtending a palet and three
stamens.

Dry sandy soil, North Dakota and Wyoming to Texas
and Arizona. Aug.-Sept. Turkey-foot Grass.

GENUS 6.

g. Andropogon paucipilus Nash. Few-haired
Beard-grass. Fig. 272.

Andropogon paucipilus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901.

A glabrous perennial. Culms up to 33 tall,
sparingly branched above; blades erect, firm, usually
somewhat glaucous, long-acuminate, the lower 8'-i2'
long and 2j"-3i" wide; racemes in pairs, z'-j,'
long, the rachis internodes glabrous, or the margins
with a few long weak crimped hairs ; sessile spike-
lets lanceolate, about 5" long, acuminate, the first
scale sulcate on the back, the intercarinal space
2-nerved, the fourth scale with an imperfect awn
less than i its length ; pedicellate spikelets stami-
nate, a little smaller than the sessile ones, the first
scale p-nerved, not sulcate, the pedicels sparsely
pilose with long weak crimped hairs.

In sand, Nebraska and Montana. Summer and fall.

7. AMPHILOPHIS Nash, in Britton, Man.
71. 1901.

Perennial grasses with usually flat leaf-blades and showy, often silvery white,
panicles, the axis short or elongated. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes of
the rachis and the pedicels with manifestly thickened margins, the median portion
thin and translucent, the margins ciliate with long hairs. Spikelets dorsally compressed.
Sessile spikelets of 4 scales, perfect, or rarely the lower pair or pairs staminate or empty;
first scale 2-keeled, the margins narrowly inrolled; second scale i-nerved; fourth scale stipe-
like, the blade wanting, merging into a usually geniculate perfect, rarely imperfect, awn, or
the awn rarely wanting. Pedicellate spikelets awnless, staminate and similar to the sessile
ones, or empty and smaller than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
[Greek, in reference to the hairs surrounding the spikelets.]

A genus of about 15 species. Besides the following several others occur in the United States.
Type species : Andropogon Torreyanus Steud.

i. Amphilophis saccharoides (Svv.) Nash.
Torrey's Beard-grass. Fig. 273.

Andropogon saccharoides Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788.
Andropogon glaucus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i : 153. 1824.

Not Muhl. 1817.

Andropogon Torreyanus Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 93. 1841.
Andropogon saccharoides var. Torreyanus Hack, in DC.

Monog. Phan. 6: 495. 1889.

Culms erect, ij-3i tall, simple or branched, gla-
brous, the nodes naked or barbed ; sheaths glabrous,
rarely pubescent, more or less glaucous ; blades 3'-io'
long, 2"-4" wide, long-acuminate, smooth and gla-
brous towards the base, scabrous on margins and at
the apex, glaucous; racemes i'-ii' long, in a termi-
nal long-exserted panicle 2'-4' long; joints of the
rachis with a thin translucent median line; outer-
most scale of sessile spikelet ii"-2" long, about
equalling the terminal hairs of the rachis-joints,
lanceolate, acute, pubescent at base with long silky
hairs; awn 4"-8" long, spiral, bent, scabrous; pedicel-
late spikelet reduced to a single narrow scale.

In dry soil, Missouri to Kansas and Colorado, north-
ern South America, and in Jamaica. Feather Sedge-
grass. Aug.-Sept.

8. SORGHASTRUM Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1901.

Generally tall perennial grasses, with long narrow flat leaves and terminal decompound
panicles. Sessile spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the two outer indurated and shining, the
inner hyaline, the fourth with a perfect, rarely imperfect, awn, and subtending a palet and
perfect flower, or the palet sometimes wanting. Pedicellate spikelets wanting. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, resembling Sorghum.]

About 12 species, in temperate and tropical countries. Type species: Sorgastrum avenaceum
(Michx.) Nash.

I2O

GRAMINEAE.

VOL. 1.

Awns 3 times as long as the spikelets or less ; column straight, rarely geniculate. i. S. nutans.
Awns 4-5 times as long as the spikelets, the column geniculate. 2. S. Elliottii.

I. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Indian-grass. Fig. 274.

Andropogon nutans L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753.
Andropogon avenaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 58.
1803.

Sorghum nutans A. Gray, Man. 617. 1848.
Sorghum avenaceum Chapm. Fl. S. States, 583. 1860.

Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth ; Vasey, Grasses U.
S. 20. 1883.

Sorghastrum nutans Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. i>.
66. 1903.

Culms erect, 3-8 tall, smooth, the nodes
pubescent; sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubes-
cent ; blades 2 or less in length, 2"-8" wide, long-
acuminate, scabrous; panicle 4-12' long; branches
2 f -4 f long, slender, erect-spreading; spikelets in
pairs, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, erect
or somewhat spreading ; first scale of sessile spike-
let 3"-4" long, acute, pubescent with long hairs;
second scale glabrous; awn s"-io" long, the
column straight.

In dry fields, Maine to Manitoba, south to Florida
and northern Mexico. Aug-Sept. Wood-grass. Bushy
blue-stem. Wild oat-grass.

2. Sorghastrum Elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash.
Long-bristled Indian-grass. Fig. 275.

Sorghum nutans Linnaeanum Hack, in Mart. Fl.

Bras. 2 3 : 276. 1883.
Chrysopogon Elliottii C. Mohr, Bull. Torrey Club 24 :

21. 1897.
Sorghastrum Linnaeanum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE.

U. S. 66. 1903.
Sorghastrum Elliottii Nash, N. Am. Fl. 17 : 130.

Culms 3-4i tall ; sheaths smooth and gla-
brous; blades i$ long or less, up to 5" wide,
very rough; panicle 6'-i2 r long, the apex usually
nodding, its branches erect or nearly so, at least
the lower ones much exceeding the internodes of
the axis, 2*'-3' long, the ultimate divisions
straight ; spikelets 3"-4" long, lanceolate, deep
chestnut brown at maturity, hirsute, the awn
i'-ii' long, the column- geniculate.

In dry soil, Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and
Texas.

1753.

9. HOLCUS L. Sp. PI. 1047.

[SORGHUM Moench, Meth. 207. 1794.]

Annual or perennial grasses with long broad flat leaves and terminal ample panicles.
Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, one sessile and perfect,
the others pedicellate, and staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the
outer indurated and shining, obscurely nerved, the inner hyaline, the fourth awned and sub-
tending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. Grain free. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny.]

About 10 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions. Type species:
Holcus Sorghum L.

GENUS 9.

GRASS FAMILY.

121

i, Holcus halepensis L. Johnson-grass.
Evergreen Millet. Fig. 276.

Holcus halepensis L. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753.
Andropogon halepensis Brot. Fl. Lusit. I : 89. 1804.
Sorghum halepense Pers. Syn. i : 101. 1805.

Culms erect, 3-5 tall, simple or sometimes
branched, smooth and glabrous ; sheaths smooth ;
blades 2 or less long, '-i' wide, long-acuminate;
panicle open, i-ii long, the generally whorled
branches spreading and naked towards the base;
outer scales of sessile spikelet 2"-3" long, ovate-
lanceolate, usually purplish, pubescent with long
appressed hairs ; awn readily deciduous, 4"-8" long,
more or less bent ; pedicellate spikelets of 4 scales,
the outer two 2*"-3i" long, membranous, 7-9-
nerved, their inrolled margins ciliate, the inner two
shorter and narrower, hyaline, sometimes with
staminate flowers.

In fields and waste places, New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania to Kansas and Arizona, south to Florida and
Texas. Widely distributed by cultivation in tropical
America. Native of southern Europe and Asia. July-
Sept. Maiden-cane, Egyptian Millet, Cuba, Syrian or
St. Mary's-grass. >

10. NAZI A Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31.
(TRAGUS Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 203. 1768. LAPPAGO Schreb. Gen. 55. 1789.]
Annual grasses, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and i-flowered deciduous spikelets,
either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 2 or 3, the outer-
most small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with hooked prickles, the third mem-
branous, subtending a palet and perfect flower.

Species 2 or 3, in tropical and temperate
regions. Type species : Cenchrus racemosns L.

i. Nazia racemosa (L.) Kuntze.
Prickle-grass. Fig. 277.

Cenchrus racemosits L. Sp. PI. 1049. 1753.
Lappago racemosa Willd. Sp. PI. i: 484. 1798.
Nazia racemosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 780. 1891.

Culms 2'-i4' tall, erect, simple to diffusely
branched, smooth below, pubescent above.
Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves i'~3'
long, i "-2" wide, acuminate, rather strongly
ciliate; spike i'-4' long, sometimes partially
included in the somewhat inflated upper
sheath; spikelets i -flowered; first scale very
small, almost hyaline ; second scale coria-
ceous, ij" long, acute, s-nerved, each nerve
armed with a row of hooked prickles ; third
scale i" long, keeled, sharp-pointed i-nerved,
membranous, enclosing a palet of like texture
and a perfect flower.

Occasional in ballast and waste places abom
the Atlantic seaports. Native of Europe and
Asia. July-Sept. Burdock-grass.

ii. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car.

76. 1788.

[DIGITARIA Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i : 52. 1772. Not Heist. 1763.]

Annual grasses with flat leaves, and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3's, in
secund racemes which are digitate, in whorls, or approximate at the summit of the culm.
Racemes with the rachis angled or winged. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the
suppression of the lowest one ; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, the margins hyaline
and not inrolled, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3.
Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.]

About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species : Syn~
therisma praecox Walt.

122

GRAMINEAE.

VOL. I.

Rachis of the racemes wingless ; first scale of spikelet wanting, or rudimentary.

Racemes short, i'-4' long; spikelets less than i" long. i. S. filifonne.

Racemes exceeding 4' long, rarely shorter; spikelets over i" long. 2. 5. villosum.

Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged.
Pedicels terete, glabrous or nearly so ; first scale wanting.

Leaves pubescent ; second scale l / 2 as long as the spikelet or less. 3. S. serotinum,

Leaves glabrous ; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet. 4. S. Ischacnmin.

Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous ; first scale minute.

Spikelets about IJ4" long; third scale with nerves mostly hispid. 5. 5". sanguinale.

Spikelets about i l / 2 " long; third scale with the nerves smooth. 6. S. marginatum.

i. Syntherisma filiforme (L.) Nash. Slender Finger-grass. Fig. 278.

Panicnm filifonne L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753.

Digit aria filiformis Kpel. Descr. Gram. 26. 1802.

Syntherisma filiformis Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 420.

1895.

Culms erect, i-4 tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths
hirsute ; blades i'-8' long, i"-2" wide, erect, hirsute or
glabrous on the lower surface, rough on the upper ;
racemes 2-5, filiform, i'-4' long, approximate at the
summit of the culm, erect or nearly so; rachis 3-angled,
very slender, not winged ; spikelets less than i" long,
elliptic, pubescent, in pairs, occasionally in 3's; first
scale rarely present ; second three-fourths as long as
or equalling the third, which equals the fourth.

Dry sandy soil, New Hampshire to Michigan, south to
North Carolina and Oklahoma. July-Sept. Wire-grass.

2. Syntherisma villosum Walt. Southern
Slender Finger-grass. Fig. 279.

Syntherisma villosum Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788.

Culms densely tufted, 6'-4i tall ; sheaths, at
least the lower ones, hirsute; blades 3'-io' long,
i $"-3" wide, hirsute on both surfaces; racemes
2-8, usually exceeding 4' long, rarely shorter,
erect or ascending; spikelets over i" long, elliptic,
usually in 3's, the first scale wanting, the second
3-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut brown
at maturity.

Sandy soil, Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida
and Texas. June-Oct.

3. Syntherisma serotinum Walt.
Late-flowering Finger-grass. Fig. 280.

Syntherisma serotinum Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.
Panicum serotinum Trin. Gram. Panic. 166. 1826.

Culms slender, erect, often creeping and branching
at the base, 8'-24' tall, smooth and glabrous ; sheaths
about one-half as long as the internodes, pilose with
long spreading hairs ; blades linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, i'-4' long, 2"-4" wide, acuminate, pilose
on both surfaces ; inflorescence composed of 2-6
i-sided slender erect or ascending spike-like racemes
i'-4i' long, arranged singly, in pairs, or scattered
and approximate ; spikelets numerous, oval, about I"
long and one-half as broad, acute, in pairs, in 2 rows
on one side of a flat and winged rachis less than i"
wide; first scale wanting, the second about one-half
as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the third scale 7-
nerved, both appressed-pubescent on the margins.

Fields and roadsides, southern Pennsylvania and
Delaware to Florida and Mississippi.

GENUS n.

GRASS FAMILY.

123

4. Syntherisma Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash. Small Crab-grass. Fig. 281.

Panicum lineare Krock. Fl. Sil. I : 95- !7 8 7- Not L.
Panicum Ischaemum Schreb.; Schweigger, Spec. Fl.

Erlang. 16. 1804.

Panicum glabrum Gaud. Agrost. i: 22. 1811.
Syntherisma linear is Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22 : 420.

1895.
Syntherisma humifusum Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card.

I : 469. 1900.
Syntherisma Ischaemum Nash, N. Am. Fl. 17 : 151. 1912.

Culms erect or decumbent, i-2 long, smooth and
glabrous; leaves glabrous, the blades i'-3' long,
l"-2" wide, acuminate; racemes 2-6, 2'~4' long,
narrowly linear, digitate or approximate at the sum-
mit of the culm ; rachis flat, winged ; spikelets about
i" long, in pairSj sometimes in 3's; first scale rarely
present, second and third as long as the fourth.

In cultivated grounds and waste places, Nova Scotia
to South Dakota, south to Florida and Kansas. Nat-
uralized from Europe. July-Sept. Smooth Finger-grass.

5. Syntherisma sanguinale ( L. ) Dulac. Large Crab-grass. Finger-grass. Fig. 282.

Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753.
Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, i : 52. 1772.
Syntherisma praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.
Paspalum sanguinale Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 176. 1791.
Syntherisma sanguinale Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22 :

420. 1895.

Culms erect or decumbent, often rooting at the
lower nodes, l-3 long, smooth. Sheaths, at least
the lower, papillose-hirsute ; blades 2'-6' long, 2"-$"
wide, acuminate, more or less pubescent ; racemes
3-10, narrowly linear, 2 f -6' long, digitate or in ap-
proximate whorls at the summit of the culm ; rachis
flat, winged; spikelets \\" long, in pairs, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, the first scale minute, rarely want-
ing, the second one-third to one-half as long as the
spikelet, 3-nerved, the third 7-nerved.

In cultivated or waste places, throughout North
America, except the extreme north. Naturalized from
Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated
regions. July-Aug. Hairy Finger-grass ; Crowfoot or
Pigeon-grass.

6. Syntherisma marginatum (Link)
Nash. Fringed Crab-grass. Fig. 283.

Digitaria marginata Link, Enum. H